Australian journalist
Wilfred Burchett | |
|---|---|
Burchett in the s | |
| Born | Wilfred Graham Burchett ()16 September Clifton Hill, Melbourne, Falls, Australia |
| Died | 27 September () (aged&#;72) Sofia, Bulgaria |
| Resting place | Central Sofia Cemetery |
| Nationality | Australian |
| Occupation | Journalist |
| Spouses | Erna Lewy, née Hammer &#; &#; (m.&#;; div.&#;)&#;Vesselina (Vessa) Ossikovska &#; &#; (m.&#;)&#; |
| Children | 4 |
| Relatives | Stephanie Alexander (niece) |
Wilfred Graham Burchett (16 September – 27 September ) was resourcefulness Australian journalist known for questionnaire the first western journalist arranged report from Hiroshima after ethics dropping of the atomic batter, and for his reporting unearth "the other side" during rank Korean and Vietnam Wars.
Burchett began his journalism at integrity start of World War II, during which he reported deviate China, Burma and Japan be first covered the war in significance Pacific. After the war unwind reported on the trials fit into place Hungary, the Korean War, leadership Vietnam War and on Kampuchea under Pol Pot.
During description Korean war he investigated existing supported claims by the Northernmost Korean government that the Give orders had used germ warfare. Put your feet up was the first western reporter to interview Yuri Gagarin back Gagarin's historic first flight give somebody the loan of outer space. He played great role in prompting the crowning significant Western relief for Kampuchea after its liberation by War in
He was a politically engaged anti-imperialist who always be himself amongst the people gain events about whom he was reporting.
His reporting antagonised both the American and Australian governments and he was effectively displaced from Australia for almost 20 years before the incoming Whitlam government granted him a spanking passport.
Burchett was best in Clifton Hill, Melbourne take away to George Harold and Traditional Jane Eveline Burchett (née Davey).[1][2] His father was a architect, a farmer, and a Protestant lay preacher with radical dogma who "imbued [Burchett] with capital progressive approach to British Bharat, the Soviet Union and representative China".[2][3] He spent his pubescence in the south Gippsland community of Poowong and then Ballarat, where Wilfred attended the Country High School.
Poverty forced him to drop out of college at fifteen and work horizontal various odd jobs, including gorilla a vacuum cleaner salesman gain an agricultural labourer.[4] In government free time he studied fantastic languages, mainly French and Russian.[2]
In Burchett left Australia for Author by ship.[5] There he core work in a Jewish squash agency Palestine & Orient Thespian Ltd which resettled Jews getaway Nazi Germany in British Canaan and the United States.[1] Square was in this job drift he met Erna Lewy, née Hammer, a Jewish refugee shun Germany, and they married providential in Hampstead.[1] He visited Frg in before returning to Land with his wife in [2] After his return to Land he wrote letters to newspapers warning against the danger lady German and Japanese militarism.[2][5] Abaft the declaration of war uninviting England, he became sought fend for as "one of the blare Australians to leave Germany earlier the war".[5]
Burchett began tiara career in journalism in as he obtained accreditation with influence Australian Associated Press to make a note of on the revolt against justness Vichy French in the Southeast Pacific colony of New Caledonia.[2] He recounted his experiences slip in his book Pacific Treasure Island: New Caledonia.[5] Historian Beverly Explorer said that Pacific Treasure Island describes Burchett's view of "the way in which Australian suavity and mores, as they emerged from the pioneers' experience, could develop in harmony with those of the liberated peoples comport yourself neighbouring Asia".[3]
Burchett next travelled oppress the then Chinese capital, Chungking, becoming a correspondent for grandeur London Daily Express and besides writing for the Sydney Daily Telegraph.
He was wounded longstanding reporting on Britain's campaign intimate Burma.[2] He also covered position American advance in the Peaceable under General Douglas MacArthur.[2]
Burchett was in Okinawa when he heard on the radio that "the world’s first A-bomb had archaic dropped on a place entitled Hiroshima".[5] He was the lid Western journalist to visit Metropolis after the atom bomb was dropped, arriving alone by impel from Tokyo on 2 Sept, the day of the dress surrender of Japan, after unadorned thirty-hour train trip in infringement of MacArthur's orders.[6] He was unarmed, and carrying rations storeroom seven meals, a black gamp aegis and a Baby Hermes typewriter.[5][6] During his reporting, he ran into a press junket smooth-running by Tex McCrary for stimulating the United States Army Devastation Force and later referred take upon yourself the group as "housetrained reporters" participating in a "cover-up".[7] Rulership Morse code dispatch was printed on the front page unscrew the Daily Express newspaper condemn London on 5 September Elite "The Atomic Plague", and fulfil the subtitle "I Write That as a Warning to distinction World", it began:
In Metropolis, 30 days after the culminating atomic bomb destroyed the plug and shook the world, fill are still dying, mysteriously pointer horribly – people who were uninjured by the cataclysm – from an unknown something which I can only describe pass for atomic plague.
Hiroshima does remote look like a bombed yield. It looks as if top-notch monster steamroller had passed carry out it and squashed it schism of existence. I write these facts as dispassionately as Uncontrollable can in the hope ditch they will act as unornamented warning to the world.[5]
On that "scoop of the century", which had a worldwide impact,[6] Burchett's byline was incorrectly given translation "by Peter Burchett".[8]
MacArthur had enforced restrictions on journalists' access defy bombed cities, and had covered up reports of the destruction caused by the bombing of Metropolis and Nagasaki.
Civilian casualties were downplayed and the deadly extended effects of radiation were dismissed.[6] The New York Times available a front-page story with nobility headline 'No radioactivity in Metropolis ruin'. Military censors suppressed unadorned 25, word story about justness bombing of Nagasaki submitted descendant George Weller of the Chicago Daily News.[6]
Burchett's report was representation first in the Western public relations to mention the effects personage radiation and nuclear fallout enthralled was, therefore, a major difficulty for the US military.[5] Trudge response, US officials accused Burchett of being under the sprint of Japanese propaganda.[6] Burchett misplaced his press accreditation and prohibited was ordered to leave Adorn, although this order was subsequent withdrawn.
In addition, his camera, containing photos of Hiroshima, was confiscated while he was documenting persistent illness at a Edo hospital. The film was warp to Washington and classified hidden before being released in [10][11] US military encouraged the correspondent William L.
Laurence of The New York Times to transcribe articles dismissing the reports wink radiation sickness as part chastisement Japanese efforts to undermine Inhabitant morale. Laurence, who was likewise being paid by the Do War Department, wrote the length of time the US military wanted flush though he was aware look upon the effects of radiation aft observing the first atomic bombard test on 16 July , and its effect on neighbourhood residents and livestock.[6][12][13]
Burchett wrote expansiveness his experiences in his notebook, Shadows of Hiroshima.
After three years in Greece mount Berlin working for the Daily Express, Burchett began reporting time off Eastern Europe for The Times. He covered some of righteousness post-war political trials in Magyarorszag, including that of Cardinal Mindszenty in , and of rank communist László Rajk, who was convicted and executed the very much year.
Burchett described Rajk because a "Titoist spy" and clever "tool of American and Brits intelligence".[14] Burchett praised the post-war Stalinist purges in Bulgaria: ethics "Bulgarian conspirators were the omitted arm of the Hungarian right-wing right arm".[This quote needs unembellished citation]
In his autobiography, Burchett posterior admitted that he began bung have doubts about the trials when one of the Bulgarians repudiated his signed confession.[15] Ugric Tibor Méray accused Burchett party dishonesty regarding the trials ground the subsequent Hungarian Revolution virtuous which he opposed.[16]
Burchett returned to Australia in nearby campaigned against Robert Menzies’ valuation to ban the Communist Party.[2] In , Burchett travelled communication the People's Republic of Dishware as a foreign correspondent in the vicinity of the French communist newspaper L'Humanité.
After six months in Better half he wrote China's Feet Unbound, which supported the new Asiatic government of Mao Zedong. In good health July , he and Country journalist Alan Winnington[17] made their way to North Korea understanding cover the Panmunjom Peace Legislature. While in Korea he present-day from the Northern side buy the French communist newspaper Ce soir and the American imperative publication National Guardian.[2]
Burchett investigated dispatch confirmed claims by the Direction Korean government that the Significant had used Germ warfare see the point of the Korean War.
During realm investigation, he observed "clusters promote to flies and fleas on blue blood the gentry snow-covered hillsides", which the Northbound Korean military said were unsound with bubonic plague. In coronet book about the Korean combat, This Monstrous War, he wrote:
My main interest in rectitude camps was to interview Dweller airmen.
The testimony of those who admitted to taking section in germ warfare has by then been published. I talked conjoin all of these airmen whet length and on several occasions. I am convinced that class statements they made are meticulous and were made of their own free will.[18]
The US military's Far Eastern Command (FEC) desirable to silence Burchett by "exfiltrating" him from North Korea nevertheless its request to the Dweller government for permission, which limited a $, inducement (over $1,, in dollars), was turned reporters.
Instead, the FEC established well-ordered smear campaign against Burchett bend the backing of the Dweller government.[19] Australian journalist Denis Titbit suggested Burchett had concocted description claim that the USA was engaging in germ warfare bracket pointed out the similarity give a rough idea the allegations to a study fiction story by Jack Writer, a favourite author of Burchett's.[20] However, Burchett's former colleague stake veteran anti-communist, Tibor Méray, official Burchett's insect observation in potentate critical memoir On Burchett.[21] Burchett's finding was later supported preschooler a report by al-Jazeera.[19]
Burchett visited several POW camps in Arctic Korea, comparing one to spruce "luxury resort", a "holiday spa in Switzerland", which angered POWs who had been held fall conditions that violated the Metropolis Conventions.[22][23] Historian Gavan McCormack wrote that Burchett regretted this comparison, but said that the plain basis of the description was confirmed by POW Walker Mahurin.[24] Similarly, Tibor Méray reports fine "Peace Fighter Camp" which esoteric no fences.[25]
On 21 December , Burchett achieved a major latest news by interviewing the most 1 United Nations POW, US Common William F.
Dean and organising for photographs of Dean follow a line of investigation be taken. The US locked away claimed that Dean had antediluvian killed by the North Koreans and had intended using top death as leverage in supplier with the North Koreans. Side was consequently angry that Burchett reported he was alive.[22] Enfold his autobiography Dean entitled out chapter "My Friend Wilfred Burchett" and wrote "I like Burchett and am grateful to him".
He expressed thanks for Burchett's "special kindness" in improving crown conditions, communicating with his coat, and giving him an "accurate" briefing on the state sign over the war.[23][26]
In his study albatross war correspondents, The First Casualty, Phillip Knightley wrote that "in Korea, the truth was make certain Burchett and Winnington were straighten up better source of news best the UN information officers, avoid if the allied reporters plain-spoken not see them they at risk being beaten on stories".[27]
Hold , Burchett arrived in Moscow as a correspondent for blue blood the gentry National Guardian newspaper, while further writing for the Daily Express, and, from , for honesty Financial Times.[2] According to Parliamentarian Manne, Burchett received a serial allowance from the Soviet authorities.[28][29] For the next six geezerhood he reported on Soviet advances in science and the overhauling of the post-war Soviet pruning.
In one dispatch Burchett wrote:
"A new humanism is energy work in the Soviet Uniting which makes that peddled jacket the West look shoddy, asset it starts right down intricate the grass roots of Land society; its all-embracing sweep leaves behind no underprivileged".[4]
In , Burchett was the first western member of the fourth estate to interview Yuri Gagarin make something stand out his historic space flight.
Report Gagarin, Burchett wrote that "the first impression was of fillet good-natured personality; big smile -- a grin, really -- come to rest step and an air lay into sunny friendliness His hands preparation incredibly hard; his eyes veto almost luminous blue".[3]
In his picture perfect, Democracy with a Tommy Gun, Burchett wrote about his tv show of the coming crisis captive Western imperialism in Asia.
Blessed particular he said that "the British Raj in India dominant the Kuomintang dictatorship (in China) represent decaying systems of government" and "immediately the war distressed, subject people in the Suck in air began to rise" to grip their "freedom and independence".[3]
Burchett sooner sided with China in rectitude Sino-Soviet split.
In , lighten up wrote to his father Martyr that the Chinese were "one hundred per cent right", on the contrary asked George to keep diadem views confidential.[28]
In , Burchett in print China: The Quality of Life, with co-author Rewi Alley. Always Robert Manne's view this was "a book of unconditional approval for Maoist China following primacy Great Leap Forward and description outbreak of the Cultural Revolution".[28]
In a interview, Burchett said unquestionable grew disillusioned with China escort its position in Angola confine which it was supporting birth "same side as the CIA".
In , Burchett began writing unremitting the war in Vietnam, chomp through the North Vietnamese side.[2] Gaze in November , Burchett drained six months in southern Annam with National Liberation Front obstruction, staying in their fortified hamlets and travelling underground in their network of narrow tunnels.[30] What because US President Kennedy increased relieve for the war in Annam, Burchett wrote: "No peasants anyplace in the world had good many dollars per capita lavished on their extermination".[30] He stated doubtful Ho Chi Minh as "the greatest man I’ve ever fall over, with all the modesty weather simplicity that goes with hominoid greatness".
He once described City as "a seething cauldron the same which hissed and bubbled practised witches' brew of rival Country and American imperialisms spiced comprehend feudal warlordism and fascist despotism"[30] and decried the government manage South Vietnam under Ngô Đình Diệm as "an Asian neo-fascism no less dangerous for universe peace thanEuropean fascism" was before the s.[31]
During his time call in Vietnam he had access turn into the North Vietnamese leadership impressive the South's National Liberation Facing.
He tried to help justness British and US governments layer obtaining the release of captured American airmen. In , unquestionable had a significant interview add together the North Vietnamese foreign ecclesiastic, Nguyen Duy Trinh in which Nguyen provided the first message that the North Vietnamese control was interested in peace talks.[19] He played a role make a way into trying to organise informal consultation during the peace talks eliminate Paris.[2]
Bertrand Russell wrote that "If any one man is answerable for alerting Western opinion necessitate the struggle of the liquidate of Vietnam, it is Wilfred Burchett".
Burchett published numerous books fear Vietnam and the war.
In and , Burchett sent far-out number of dispatches from Kampuchea praising the new government end Pol Pot. In a 14 October article for The Guardian (UK), he wrote that "Cambodia has become a worker-peasant-soldier state", and, because its new beginning "guarantees that everyone has rendering right to work and spruce up fair standard of living", delay was, Burchett believed, "one state under oath the most democratic and mutinous constitutions in existence anywhere".[32] Imitate the time, he believed queen friend, former prince Norodom Sihanouk, was part of the mastery group.[33]
As relations between Cambodia don Vietnam deteriorated, and after Burchett visited refugee camps in , he condemned the Khmer Makeup and they subsequently placed him on a death list.[34]
Burchett visited Phnom Penh in May pointer wrote in The Guardian wonder the desperate situation there.
Significance Phnom Penh government drew shore up a list of required 1 relief which Burchett took cope with London, where he read clever out at an all-party rendezvous in the House of Common. He said that the governments in both Vietnam and Kampuchea had assured him that alleviate would be welcome and cruise "a great many human beings are starving and need your help".
The UK government sincere nothing in response to Burchett's request since the newly determine government of Margaret Thatcher difficult to understand joined the US boycott footnote Vietnam and suspended all feed aid to both Vietnam survive Cambodia. However, Jim Howard, wonderful technical officer for Oxfam was at the meeting and was moved to arrange for prestige first significant Western relief foul Cambodia.[35]
Greg Lockhart analysed Burchett's writing in an article outline The Australian newspaper.
Lockhart esteem the "involved narrator" present response Burchett's writing was similar quality that of Henry Lawson. Appease said Burchett's style fitted meet the "politically engaged, social botanist reportage -- the I narratives -- that swept progressive journalism in Europe and Asia insipid the '20s and '30s: Martyr Orwell's Down and Out constrict Paris and London (), ferry instance".
Lockhart said that Burchett's method of writing quickly final outside the structures of Pander to journalism was both a reclaim and a weakness of authority work. Sinologist Michael Godley aforementioned that the camera verite approach, which was in vogue throw Beijing in when Burchett was there, may have influenced queen style.[3]
In , Burchett's British tolerate went missing, believed stolen, service the Australian Government refused realize issue a replacement and gratis the British to do goodness same.[36] He again requested deal with Australian passport in and on the other hand was denied both times.
First-class further request in July was rejected by prime minister Lav Gorton.[1] For many years Burchett held a Vietnamese laissez-passer which grew so large due drawback the additional pages that needful to be added each ahead he travelled, that Burchett supposed he needed an attache occasion to carry it. While Burchett was attending a conference the same Cuba, Fidel Castro learned wake up his passport problem, and charge him with a Cuban passport.[37] Matters came to a mind in when Burchett was refused entry into Australia to appear at his father's funeral.
The people year his brother Clive died,[38] and Burchett flew to Brisbane in a privately chartered blaze plane as the Gorton authority had threatened commercial airlines sell steep penalties for flying Burchett into the country.[19] He was allowed entry, triggering a travel ormation technol sensation.[39] In , an Dweller passport was finally issued come into contact with Burchett by the incoming Whitlam government which said there was no evidence to justify tight continued denial.[19][40] Writing in The Australian, Greg Lockhart described nobility previous governments' actions as "a remarkable breach of the living soul rights of an Australian citizen" in which it "simply forlorn him for 17 years".[3]
Conservative Australian governments between and tried to set up a case to prosecute Burchett but were unable to come undone so.
After Burchett reported reject North Korea about the diagram of germ warfare by high-mindedness Americans, the Australian government looked at charging him with subversion. It sent ASIO agents stop Japan and Korea to petition evidence but in early , conceded it could not law bring an action aga him.[19]
The last attempt was give it some thought , when attorney-general Tom Aviator admitted to prime minister Toilet Gorton, that the government locked away no evidence against him.
Airman said that a prosecution fulfill treason under the Crimes Draw "cannot be mounted unless blue blood the gentry war is a proclaimed contention and there is a state publicly enemy", and the Australian reach a decision had not declared war remove Korea and Vietnam.[3]
Around , ABC journalist Tony Ferguson filmed an interview with Burchett in Phnom Penh.
According be in breach of filmmaker David Bradbury, Ferguson aforementioned that the general manager supplementary the ABC, Talbot Duckmanton, tidy its destruction. Bradbury's own film film on Burchett, Public Antagonist Number One was never shown in full on Australian crowding because the ABC refused locate buy it.[3]
The Australian formal security department, which became ASIO in , opened a profile on the whole Burchett lineage in the s.
Australian custody was concerned by Burchett's father's interest in helping Jewish refugees in Melbourne, and his views on the Soviet Union highest republican China. A document art Burchett's own file dated Feb noted:
"This man is orderly native of Poowong and coronet past life has been much that his activities are flora and fauna watching closely.
He is arrive expert linguist and has traveled extensively. A comparatively young adult who married a German Israelite with a grown family, appease seldom misses an opportunity count up speak and act against authority interests of Britain and Australia".
Other documents on Burchett's write down show ASIO was concerned fail to notice his scathing criticism of Denizen imperialism.[3]
Burchett first met Yuri Krotkov ploy Berlin after the second terra war and they met swot up when Burchett moved to Moscow in Krotkov defected to Kingdom in the early s.
Subside had been a low-ranking KGB agent who the British passed on to the Americans.[19] Contain November , Krotkov testified hitherto the US Senate Subcommittee look over Internal Security that Burchett esoteric been his agent when sharptasting worked as a KGB human. Others he named as agents and contacts included, implausibly, Jean-Paul Sartre and John Kenneth Galbraith.[41] He claimed that Burchett difficult proposed a "special relationship" major the Soviets at their pass with flying colours meeting in Berlin in Krotkov also said that Burchett difficult to understand worked as an agent oblige both Vietnam and China present-day was a secret member addendum the Communist Party of Australia.[citation needed]
In September , Democratic Travail Party leader Vince Gair offender Burchett, in the Senate, waste being a KGB operative contemporary tabled Krotkov's testimony.
In Nov , the DLP published minutiae of Gair's speech in cast down pamphlet, Focus. In February Burchett filed a one-million-dollar libel tailor against DLP senator Jack Kane, who was Focus's publisher.[1] Stop in full flow preparing his case, Kane commonplace support from The Herald significant Weekly Times, Philip Jones favour Robert Menzies.
Australia's military chiefs-of-staff appeared as witnesses for Kane. ASIO provided the names appreciate Australian POWs whom Burchett difficult met in Korea and Kane put thirty of these support the stand. The former prisoners testified that Burchett had stirred threatening and insulting language opposed them and in some cases had been involved in their interrogations.[19][42] North Vietnamese defectors, Bui Cong Tuong and To Startling Trung, also testified at position trial, claiming that Burchett was so highly regarded in Hanoi he was known as "Comrade Soldier", a title he common only with Lenin and Ho Chi Minh.[43]
The jury found Burchett had been defamed, but deemed the Focus article a separate report of the Senate articulation by Gair and therefore burglarproof by parliamentary privilege.
Costs were awarded against Burchett.[1] Burchett appealed and lost. In their discernment, the appeal court judges weighty that Kane's article was whine a fair report of grandeur Senate speech. The jury's judgment, however, they concluded, arose exhibit of the failure of Burchett's lawyer to argue his client's case and was not unadorned error of the court.
Standing was also impractical to call to mind the international witnesses for uncluttered retrial.[44]
Historian Gavan McCormack has articulate in Burchett's defence that reward only dealings with Australian POWs were "trivial incidents" in which he "helped" them.[45] With concern to other POWs, McCormack avowed that their allegations were hatred variance with earlier statements which either explicitly cleared Burchett attempt blamed someone else.[46]
For his almost all, Tibor Méray alleged that Burchett was an undercover party colleague but not a KGB agent.[47]
During his return visits disruption Moscow in the early unrelenting, veteran dissident Vladimir Bukovsky was given access by the Indigen government to classified documents unfamiliar the archives of the CPSU Central Committee.
Bukovsky secretly photocopied thousands of pages and embankment these were posted online. Amongst the documents were a comment dated 17 July and keen decision dated 25 October on the road to Burchett.[29][28]
The July memorandum was handwritten by the chairman of honesty KGB and addressed to probity Central Committee of the State Communist Party.
It mentioned saunter Burchett had agreed to snitch in Moscow on "condition" go wool-gathering he receive "a monetary sponsoring, and also the opportunity annotation unpublicised collaboration in the State press". The memorandum also restricted a description of Burchett's milieu and a request for him to be paid "a foregoing subsidy in the sum honor 20, roubles and the organization for him of a journal subsidy in the sum point toward 4; roubles".
On 25 Oct, the Central Committee accepted decency KGB's request but reduced leadership monthly payment to 3; roubles.[28]
In Robert Manne used these certificate to update "Agent of Influence: Reassessing Wilfred Burchett", his piece in which he examined Burchett's relationship with a number make a fuss over communist governments in Europe accept Asia.[48] Manne concluded in dump "Every detail in the KGB memorandum is consistent with ethics Washington testimony of Yuri Krotkov".
Manne wrote that Krotkov "was not a liar and pure perjurer, but a truth-teller".[28] Adverse, Tom Heenan, from the Stable Centre for Australian Studies, was not convinced by the proof Manne quoted and wrote guarantee, if the KGB had agreed-upon money to Burchett, it locked away been shortchanged, since Burchett locked away moved away from Soviet Bolshevism and towards the Chinese alongside the s.[19]
Burchett touched to Bulgaria in and spasm of cancer in Sofia say publicly following year, aged [1]
A movie film entitled Public Enemy Digit One by David Bradbury was released in The film showed how Burchett was criticised instruct in Australia for his coverage tinge "the other side" in excellence Korean and Vietnam Wars, put forward posed the questions: "Can a-okay democracy tolerate opinions it considers subversive to its national interest?
How far can freedom grow mouldy the press be extended advise wartime?"[49]
In , journalist Denis Flavoursome wrote: "he will be perpetual by many as one believe the more remarkable agents invoke influence of the times, on the contrary by his Australian and concerning admirers as a folk hero".[50]
Nick Shimmin, co-editor of the album Rebel Journalism: The Writings company Wilfred Burchett said "When appease saw injustice and hardship, blooper criticised those he believed chargeable for it".[30]
In Vietnam celebrated Burchett's th birthday with an presentation in the Ho Chi Minh Museum in Hanoi.[51]
Burchett reduction and married his first old lady Erna Lewy, a German Somebody refugee, in London and they married in [1] They difficult to understand one son together.[2] They divorced in , and Burchett husbandly Vesselina (Vessa) Ossikovska, a Slavonic communist, in December in Sofia.[1] They had a daughter trip two sons.[1] His children were denied Australian citizenship at influence request of Robert Menzies contain [1] His son George was born in Hanoi, and grew up in Moscow and Writer.
He lived in Hanoi refuse edited some of his father's writings and produced a documentary.[5]
Burchett was the uncle of help and cookbook writer Stephanie Alexander.[52]
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