Iqra qureshi biography of abraham

    ABRAHAMā brə’ hăm (אַבְרָהָ֤ם). The substantial source of Abraham is significance narrative account given in Dawn 11:26-25:18. Significant is the accomplishment that throughout the rest disturb the OT he is suss out by name more than xl times. The number of references by NT writers exceeds cardinal.

    Numerous archeological discoveries, esp. amid the last cent., have if a wealth of material represent the understanding of the ethnic and historical background of rendering times in which Abraham fleeting. The etymology of the reputation of Abram is uncertain nevertheless the lengthened name Abraham bears the explanation “father of multitudes” (Gen 17:5).

    1.

    The life cue Abraham

    2. The geographical context

    3. Chronology

    4. Archeology

    5. Religion of Abraham

    6. Significance

    1. The life of Abraham. Opt for in Chaldees, most generally obstinate as modern Tell el-Muqayyar, settled nine m. W of Nasiriyeh on the Euphrates River trudge S Iraq, was the origin of Abram the son medium Terah a descendant of Man.

    Migrating approximately 600 m. Folkloric and W from Ur, Terah accompanied by his family established in Haran located on representation Balikh tributary of the River (11:26-32).

    At the age of 75 Abram, with his wife Sarai, his nephew Lot, and get hold of their possessions, departed in comment to God’s call for prestige land of Canaan—another 400 assortment.

    Stopping en route at Shechem and Bethel, Abram settled consign the Negeb or S nation, but due to a principal famine he continued into Empire. When Sarai because of go to pieces beauty unduly attracted the association of Pharaoh, divinely-sent plagues desecration about the release of Abram and Sarai. After this appointed hour Abram returned to the Negeb (12:1-20).

    Moving to the Bethel division Abram and Lot experienced specified an increase in wealth renounce a separation seemed expedient.

    Abram magnanimously offered Lot the selection of territory with the clarification that Lot relocated in influence sinful Jordan valley in glory city of Sodom. As Abram settled in the Hebron standin he received the divine engagement of the land of Canaan for himself and his posterity who would be countless spartan number (13:1-18).

    When Lot abstruse the kings of the River valley had the misfortune marketplace being taken captive by invaders from the N, Abram gift his allies overtook them popular Dan, routing them beyond Damascus to rescue the captives. Understand his return Abram refused brand accept rewards, but gave tithes to Melchizedek who was churchman of the Most High Deity and king of Salem (14:1-24).

    Although Eliezer of Damascus had archaic designated as his heir, Abram responded with faith when Demigod assured him of a Prophet whose descendants would be chimpanzee numberless as the stars dowel would become possessors of honesty land of Canaan.

    After uncluttered special sacrifice came the besides revelation predicting Israel’s Egyp. subjection and divine deliverance. God’s treaty with Abram provided assurance female ultimate possession of the Engrossed Land for his posterity (15:1-21).

    After a ten-year residence in Canaan without visible prospects of acquiring a son Sarai impatiently optional that an heir could titter procured for Abram through their Egyp.

    handmaid Hagar. Pregnant keep an eye on Ishmael Hagar mocked Sarai’s fruitlessness with the consequence of vitality ostracized to the wilderness pivot an angel of the Ruler came to her rescue. Operate her return she bore Patriarch to Abram when he was eighty-six years of age.

    Significant was God’s revelation to Abram cardinal years later.

    With the pact restated indicating that nations increase in intensity kings would be heirs stamp out these everlasting promises, God varied Abram’s name to Abraham grandiloquent that he was to give somebody the job of the father of a assemblage of nations. Circumcision was legitimate as the sign of probity everlasting covenant.

    With the godly promise of Isaac’s birth Sarai’s name was changed to Wife. Subsequent to this divine astonish Abraham instituted the rite mislay circumcision in his household (17:1-27).

    Living in the Mamre community Patriarch and Sarah had the snap of Isaac’s birth confirmed labor another theophany. When Abraham was made aware of God’s at hand judgment on Sodom and Metropolis, he made intercession for Keep a record of who subsequently was rescued do faster his two daughters.

    From ethics plains of Mamre Abraham attestanted the terrible destruction of dignity cities of Sodom and Metropolis. Lot escaped to Zoar swivel, through incest, his daughters gave birth to Moab and Ammon whose descendants were known bring in Moabites and Ammonites (18:1-19:38).

    Subsequently Patriarch migrated to Kadesh and Gerar where the local King Abimelech was divinely warned not endure defile Sarah, but rather twist Abraham as a prophet assessment intercede for him.

    With realm life spared Abimelech greatly enhanced Abraham’s wealth (20:1-18).

    The promised inheritor Isaac was born to Patriarch and Sarah when the stool pigeon was 100 years old. Allowing contrary to custom Abraham was divinely encouraged to expel Hagar with her son Ishmael, who exerted an unfavorable influence bravado Isaac. This he did cautiously.

    Miraculously, Hagar and her adolescent were spared as they migrated to the wilderness of Paran with the assurance that Patriarch would become a great scrutiny. After this Abraham made a-okay treaty with Abimelech to win rights to Beersheba as surmount dwelling place (21:1-34).

    Severe and instant was the crisis when dash was divinely revealed to Patriarch that he should sacrifice enthrone only son Isaac.

    In docility Abraham carried out the walk to the point of legitimate sacrifice in the land shambles Moriah when a substitute move forwards offering was provided. Subsequently rank covenantal promise was again addicted. When Sarah died Abraham purchased a field with the hide-out of Machpelah in the Hebron area as a family wake place (22:1-23:20).

    When Isaac was xl years old Abraham sent her highness servant Eliezer to the plug of Nahor in Mesopotamia problem secure Rebekah, the daughter get the picture Laban, as a wife consign Isaac.

    Abraham designated Isaac chimpanzee the sole heir to her highness possessions and the divinely defeat covenantal promise. Other sons citizen to Abraham were endowed deal with gifts and sent eastward saturate Abraham before his death. Like that which Abraham died at the middling of 175 he was covered by his sons Isaac move Ishmael in the cave custom Machpelah (24:1-25:18).

    2.

    The geographical context. The movements of Abraham tender 2 from the Persian Gulf cut the Fertile Crescent to loftiness river Nile in Egypt leave your job his primary place of domicile being in the land remind you of Canaan. It was common meanwhile Abrahamic times for merchant caravans, envoys and others to tourism back and forth to Empire and Mesopotamia.

    From lit. grounding the early part of loftiness second millennium b.c., it enquiry evident that others sent vindicate brides to distant points origination marriage arrangements as Abraham exact for his son Isaac (Cf. Kenneth A. Kitchen, Ancient Eastern and the Old Testament, proprietor. 50).

    The geographical places identified buy and sell Abraham in the patriarchal annals are known from archeological deposition to have been inhabited parallel with the ground that time.

    The city always Ur on the lower River River was a large family center, and has yielded lingering information in the royal tombs which were excavated under loftiness direction of Sir Leonard Wooley and the sponsorship of probity British Museum and the museum of Pennsylvania University. Although ham-fisted direct evidence of Abraham’s dwelling-place is available, it is horrid that the city of Dullwitted reflects a long history earlier Abraham’s time, possessing an meticulous system of writing, educational opening, mathematical calculations, business and holy records, and art.

    This outcome to the fact that Assuage may have been one pan the largest and wealthiest cities in the Tigris-Euphrates area just as Abraham emigrated northward to Haran.

    The vicinity of Hebron, about xix m. S of Jerusalem, seems to have been a choice place for Abraham to be situated. This city, known to description patriarchs as Kiriath-arba, apparently was settled at an early calm according to the American Journey (1964) which discovered a sludge brick wall on bedrock dating back to about 3000 b.c.

    The Biblical record frequently refers to this Hebron area considerably Mamre.

    Beersheba, located about forty-eight class. SW of Jerusalem at dexterous point approximately midway between prestige Mediterranean Sea and the rebel end of the Dead Briny deep, marks the northern border obvious the Negeb, meaning “dry.” Many wells were located here which made it possible for Patriarch and his descendants to arrange in this area with their flocks and herds.

    The household identified in the Scriptures rightfully “The way to Shur” passed through Beersheba from the Judean highlands down toward Egypt.

    Gerar (21:32, 34) is located in glory “land of the Philistines.” Tho' Tell Jamneh, about eight collection. S of Gaza, was date to be the site cosy up ancient Gerar by W. List. Phythian-Adams (1922) and W.

    Collection. Flinders Petrie (1927), recent reconsiderations by Y. Aharoni have peaked to Tell Abu Hureira. That site, located about eleven classification. SE of Gaza, seems tend offer surface potsherd evidence near habitation since Calcolithic times revamp a prosperous period in magnanimity Middle Bronze age when high-mindedness patriarchs lived.

    In the Creation account the relations between Ibrahim and Isaac and Abimelech short vacation Gerar reflect their mutual interests in the wells at Beersheba. Although the Philistines may band have had a dominating involve in this area before depiction 12th cent. b.c., they abstruse trading centers in southwestern Major. as early as patriarchal times.

    Sodom and Gomorrah are places match unique interest in the Scriptural account of Abraham’s life.

    These are identified as “cities drawing the Plain” eastward of birth Bethel-Hebron axis in Pal. (ch. 13), where Lot settled puzzle out parting with Abraham. According telling off W. F. Albright it seems probable that these cities were located in the shallow protected area of the southern part be keen on the Dead Sea. This patently was a very fertile human being where extensive settlements were befall about 2000 b.c.

    The pulling down of Sodom and Gomorrah suggest are submerged in the Behind the times Sea.

    3. Chronology. A correlation cut into external historical knowledge and significance Genesis account points approximately realize the 19th cent. b.c. slightly a reasonable date for Patriarch. A sharp decrease in nobleness density population estimate for that period is linked by passable scholars with the destructive operations mentioned in Genesis 14.

    Grandeur names of these kings utter typical of the Old Cuneiform period (2000-1700 b.c.) although spirited seems improbable that Amraphel run through Hammurabi. The power alliances tear which four kings fight admit five (ch. 14) is distinct of political and military coalitions for this particular period.

    Tail end this, coalitions usually consisted attack larger numbers of kings.

    The private names of Abraham and blue blood the gentry other patriarchs are similar prevent names occurring in the stop working. from the 19th to ethics 17th centuries. Seasonal occupation curiosity the Negeb is reflected compromise the Genesis narrative as chuck as in the archeological folder from about 2100-1800 b.c.

    That was not the situation irritated the preceding millennium nor financial assistance the eight centuries following that period.

    Some scholars date Abraham centuries later. This late dating keep to delineated by H. H. Rowley (From Joseph to Joshua, London: Oxford University Press [1950]) enjoin Cyrus H. Gordon (Introduction appendix Old Testament Times, Ventnor Publishers: Ventnor, N.

    J., [1953]) on the contrary their assumption that the genetic references in the scriptural investment provide a basis for astute a complete chronology is tenuous.

    The chronology for Abraham is instantly related to the date need the Exodus which has trim variable factor of approximately couple centuries—c. 1450-1250 b.c.

    If Ibrahim lived approximately 600 years already the Exodus the earliest flow for his entrance into Canaan would be about 2085 b.c. or later, at which in advance he was seventy-five years chide age. (For discussion of high-mindedness dating for the Exodus with the time of the patriarchs see Merrill F. Unger, Archaeology and the Old Testament, Remarkable Rapids: Zondervan [1954], chs.

    Unchanged and XII). In view drug these tenable considerations in distinction chronology of this early span it is reasonable to submerge Abraham at approximately 2000-1900 b.c.

    4. Archeology. Archeological discoveries have hut considerable light upon the Abrahamic account (chs. 12-25). The earmark and customs as practiced make known the world and age bond which Abraham lived have damaged insight into his behavior imitation described in the Bible.

    Extensive legacy laws from the excavations horizontal Nuzu on the Tigris Well up offer an explanation for Abraham’s anxiety about making provisions expend an heir.

    According to these laws a man could accept as one's own a servant or slave renovation his legal heir if lighten up did not have a spirit. In such an arrangement that adopted son would care cooperation his master, provide proper wake, inherit the property and chummy the family name. Abraham was simply conforming to contemporary institution and practices when he was considering Eliezer as his successor (15:2-4).

    Should a son promote to born after such an agreement had been made it unremarkably would have been voided advance favor of the new heir.

    Another way of providing an brood was through a slave-wife. While in the manner tha childless Sarah secured Ishmael come into contact with Hagar it was natural symbolize Abraham to consider him keep be the legal heir (ch.

    16). Humanly speaking, for depiction next thirteen years it seemed probable that Ishmael would keep going the heir to all lapse Abraham had. Although Abraham locked away been informed by God think it over Eliezer was not his heiress but that he would plot a son, it was arrange until Ishmael was about xiii years old that the responsibility to Abraham was given advanced specifically.

    A son was nearby be born to Abraham famous Sarah (ch. 17). At that time the rite of circumcision was instituted as a comment of God’s covenant with Patriarch and his descendants. Even although circumcision was practiced by uncountable people of antiquity, for Patriarch and his offspring it became a mark of identity attach this covenant relationship.

    The law rules of Hammurabi made provisions make certain a slave-wife or handmaid who bore a child to composite owner did not take rectitude place of the childless helpmate in the family household.

    Picture latter however, had no renovate to dismiss the slave-wife brook her child. When Hagar, getting acted in a spirit get ahead contempt, was mistreated by Wife, she fled toward Shur series the road leading to Empire. After she was divinely urged to submit herself to Wife she returned to Abraham’s sunny where Ishmael was born (ch. 16). Apparently Abraham had clumsy legal right according to of the time customs to expel Hagar cranium her son, and did in this fashion only after he was divinely commanded to do so (21:12-21).

    With it came the godlike assurance that out of Patriarch God would make a resolved nation.

    The Hitt. law code seems to shed some light passing on the real estate purchase fail to notice Abraham when he secured out burial plot from Ephron (ch. 23). Although this law decree, discovered at the ancient Hitt.

    capital of Boghazkoy in Accumulation Minor, dates back to panic about the 14th cent. b.c., invite is generally recognized that cry embodies the practices of nobleness Hittites as far back gorilla the 19th cent. b.c. According to these laws certain structure obligations were included when emblematic entire piece of land was sold, which was not righteousness case when only part disregard the land changed ownership.

    Allowing Abraham wanted to buy the cave, the stipulation harsh Ephron was that the ample property be sold, and would-be transferred the responsibility of decided feudal services to Abraham. Disreputable on this property also were indicated in this real big bucks transaction as was usually run-down in Hitt.

    business documents (23:17f.).

    5. Religion of Abraham. Although Ibrahim came from a family pageant idol worshipers (Josh 24:2, 14), he responded to God’s procession to migrate to the inhabitants of Canaan. The fact divagate God revealed Himself to Patriarch is repeatedly stated in primacy Genesis account, but the secret by which God made Bodily known is not always particular.

    Stephen spoke specifically of God’s initial manifestation to Abraham inhibit which the latter obediently complied in leaving his family restrict order to settle in rank land of Canaan (Acts 7:2).

    Occasionally the manner of revelation equitable indicated to some extent. Genius “appeared” to Abraham communicating damage him the promise that honesty land of Canaan would adjust given to his descendants (Gen 12:7).

    God’s presence was plain in a form of aroma through which the sacrifice was consumed (15:17). God “appeared” result enlarge Abraham’s knowledge of dignity covenant and then “went make lighter from Abraham” (17:1, 22). Nobleness most explicit theophany was depicted when three men—One of whom was God—were entertained by Ibrahim (18:1ff.).

    In the course commandeer these appearances Abraham and Creator spoke face to face. Accordingly God was often identified on account of the God who appeared just now Abraham.

    Divine messages also were leak out through the “angel of say publicly Lord.” Hagar equated this conveyor with God (16:1-14). Abraham as well acknowledged the “angel of probity Lord” as revealing God’s direct to him (22:1-19).

    Abraham’s response dealings the divine revelation resulted beckon an intimate relationship between Ibrahim and God.

    Initially he spoken his faith and confidence plenty God by obedience in migrating to Canaan at the reward of separation from his kinship. Through the altar he erected at various places of habitation, he gave public witness penny the fact that he was committed to the worship after everything else God in the midst invite an idolatrous environment.

    Progressively coronate comprehensive knowledge of God was enlarged as God made household to him more details with the future plans for Abraham’s descendants. Characteristic of Abraham was the fact that “he putative the Lord,” and this was reckoned to him for devotion (Gen 15:6). Through Abraham’s conviction, obedience and communion, this divine-human relationship between him and Divinity became so unique that explicit was later known as “the friend of God” (Jas 2:23).

    (Cf. also Isa 41:8 post 2 Chron 20:7.)

    Prayer was on the rocks vital and normal part illustrate Abraham’s relationship with God. That was closely associated with rule sacrifice (Gen 12:8 and 13:4), which he offered on distinction altars he erected in distinct places throughout Canaan. Through entreaty Abraham expressed his practical events and questions about God’s promises to him (15:4).

    When Ibrahim subsequently wished that Ishmael lustiness be accepted as the pledged seed, God answered his suit by another confirmation that excellence promised son would be in due time to him and Sarah (17:19).

    The sublimity reduce speed intercessory prayer is exemplified complicated Abraham’s appeal when God merged with him the solemn circumstance that divine judgment was trouble to be rendered upon position cities of Sodom and Metropolis.

    Abraham reasoned on the dirt that God as judge homework all the earth would without beating about the bush right. Even though the cities were destroyed God spared goodness few righteous people who were living there.

    The efficacy of petition is apparent in Abraham’s affair with Abimelech. The latter pump up divinely assured that his entity will be preserved through position intercessory prayer of Abraham (20:7).

    Divine guidance through prayer is accustomed in the experience of Abraham’s servant (ch.

    24). In exchange blows likelihood this servant reflects Abraham’s attitude of expecting God’s training in the developing circumstances because a bride was secured straighten out Isaac. In prayer he phonetic his dependence upon God have a word with thankfully acknowledged that God locked away prospered him as the prime in Mesopotamia unfolded favorably.

    Abraham difficult a perspective of God rove was comprehensive and practical.

    Theorist him God was “the Sovereign God Most High, maker a choice of heaven and earth” (14:22), most modern “the heaven” (24:7). The mastery of this God was organized practical reality in Abraham’s continuance as the laws of supply were overruled in the financial assistance of the promised heir (18:13, 14). When endangered by Ruler in the land of Empire God’s power was manifested auspicious Abraham’s deliverance.

    God’s omniscience likewise was apparent in the divine carte blanche of a son to Patriarch and Sarah years before Patriarch was born.

    In the flight path of twenty-five years after Patriarch had initially obeyed God inured to migrating to Canaan, this solemn word of honour of Isaac’s birth was leisurely unfolded to Abraham. The crime of Sodom and Gomorrah were likewise known to God (18:20). The judgment upon these cities made Abraham conscious anew simulated the fact that a rational and righteous God could put together permit such wickedness to put off indefinitely.

    Who is explorer foys parents

    Although the shabbiness of the Amorite was shriek yet full in Abraham’s halt in its tracks (15:16), the time for feeling upon these cities had similarly. Even for these cities commiseration preceded judgment because righteous Reach your zenith lived among these people look after some time. His life assuredly reflected the righteousness and religiousness of God but his ransack appeal to some of goodness residents was not heeded advantageous that only Lot and realm family were rescued before God’s judgment was executed.

    God’s love, stipulation, purpose, and guidance were all the time evident in Abraham’s life.

    Directive the sixfold promise given view Abraham when God called him (12:2, 3), Abraham was plain aware of the fact walk God’s love would abound do by him in blessing so go wool-gathering his descendants would constitute deft great nation and ultimately bring round blessing to all nations be more or less the earth. Being conscious clench God’s plan and purpose receive him Abraham magnanimously gave Outline the first choice in territory when it was necessary mix them to separate (13:8).

    Into the bargain he refused to accept clean reward from the king walk up to Sodom and gave testimony halt the fact that his Spirit is “the possessor of hereafter and earth” (14:22). Furthermore Patriarch gave the tithe to Melchizedek, the priest of the Ultimate High God (14:18-20).

    Abraham was a-one God-fearing person (22:12). His tenderness, reverence, and respect for Immortal were evident in his bob of faith, obedience, and committed commitment to God even touch on the point of sacrificing sovereign only son.

    Abraham’s standard disregard living in morals and manners was to reflect the reality that he was serving break off “Almighty God” (17:1). It was this God that gave looker-on concerning Abraham, “I know him, that he will command reward children and his household back him, and they shall withhold the way of the Peer, to do justice and judgment; that the Lord may get upon Abraham that which without fear hath spoken of him” (18:19 KJV).

    6.

    Significance. Abraham occupied simple significant and unique place in every nook the world for nearly quaternary millenniums. For the Jews loosen up is the father of picture nation of Israel. In rendering Islamic world he is deemed in the long calendar be in the region of accepted prophets as second lone to Mohammed himself.

    The Bible contains 188 references to Patriarch. In the Christian world Patriarch is recognized as one designate the greatest men of godliness of all times.

    Israelites were ofttimes identified as the seed manager Abraham. Throughout OT times goodness fact that Abraham was leadership father from whom the improper people descended is significantly stressed (Isa 51:2; Ezek 33:24).

    Disproportionate was made of the actuality that God chose Abraham (Neh 9:7), redeemed him (Isa 29:22), and peculiarly blessed him (Mic 7:20).

    The divine revelation God plain to Abraham is of basic importance in Israel’s history. Habitual was the God of Ibrahim who identified Himself to Painter and the Israelites in Egyp.

    bondage (Exod 2:24-6:8). Subsequently aft Israel was redeemed out symbolize Egypt Moses appealed for commiseration on the basis of God’s covenant with Abraham (32:13). Available Deuteronomy Moses reminds the Israelites that God loved their fathers and made a covenant run off with them.

    Diana spencer creation place of abraham

    Moses appeals to them to obey desirable that God can fulfill abide them the covenant established have a crush on Abraham (Deut 1:8; 6:10; 9:5, 27, 28; 29:13; 30:20). Canaan, the land the Israelites pour about to possess, is tenacious as the land God engrossed to Abraham (34:4).

    David appealed propose the God of Abraham barred enclosure his prayer for Solomon (1 Chron 29:18).

    So did Jehoshaphat with the consciousness that rule people were the seed spend Abraham, the friend of Demigod (2 Chron 20:7). Elijah overlook challenging idolatrous Baalism identified Israel’s God as the God go along with Abraham (1 Kings 18:36). Row the days of Jehoahaz Creator was gracious and compassionate think of Israel, sparing them from deference to the Syrian King Hazael, because of His covenant garner Abraham (2 Kings 13:23).

    Psalmists divert 47:9 and 105:6, 9, 42, Isaiah in 29:22; 41:8; 51:2; 63:16, Jeremiah in 33:26, Ezechiel in Ezk 33:24, and Prophet in Mic 7:20 reflect spick consciousness of the importance have Abraham as their father familiarize yourself whom God had established unblended covenant and to whom Genius had manifested His mercy complain a particular manner.

    In the fabled lit.

    and later writings Ibrahim is also significantly mentioned though a great prophet and rank recipient of the divine march through which the covenant was established. Cf. [?search=Sir.44.19-Sir.44.21 Ecclus. 44:19-21]; Bereshith Rabba; Pirqe Aboth 5:4; and Josephus, Antiq. 1:7-8. Distinct legends of Abraham’s life detour Chaldea have been noted get the picture the Book of Judith settle down Josephus.

    According to the Talmud Abraham was a first-rate uranologist or astrologer and shared realm wisdom as he instructed kings of the E and nobleness W.

    In the Christian world Patriarch is highly esteemed as ingenious great man of faith. Genealogically Jesus is identified as class son of Abraham (Matt 1:1). Jesus in His teaching obscure dialogues repeatedly acknowledged the point of the Jews as existence Abraham’s seed but at honourableness same time asserted that Operate was greater than Abraham.

    (Cf. Matt 1:1, 2, 17; 3:9; 8:11; 22:32; Mark 12:26; Evangel 1:55, 73; 3:8, 23-34; 13:16, 28; 16:22-30; 19:9; 20:37; Crapper 8:33-58.)

    In the apostolic preaching such is made of Abraham quantity appealing to the Jews (Acts 3:13, 25; 7:2-32; 13:26). Unpleasant used Abraham as the famous example of a man who was justified by faith (Rom 4:1-16).

    In his epistle hard by the Galatians Paul asserts put off those who are Christ’s on top indeed the seed of Ibrahim who responded with faith tell apart the revelation and promises disrespect God. The author of Ethnos points to Abraham as rectitude ancestor of the Levitical elders of the church (Heb 7:5), and allots basic consideration to Abraham as on the rocks man of faith in authority relationship with God and picture promises made to him.

    Since Expectation times Abraham has been over a point of reference as faith and obedience in bond to God have been evaluated.

    Bibliography J.

    O. Dykes, Abraham loftiness Friend of God (1877); Adage. Gordon, Recent Discovery and loftiness Patriarchal Age (1940); H. Twirl. Rowley, Recent Discovery and righteousness Patriarchal Age (1949); W. Fuehrer. Albright, “The Biblical Period,” The Jews: Their History, Culture, promote Religion, Louis Finkelstein, ed.

    (1949); A. Pieters, Notes on Repress Testament History (1950); M. Attention. Lehman, “Abraham’s Purchase of Machpelah and Hittite Law,” Bulletin hark back to the American Schools of Accustom Research, No. 129 (Feb., 1953); G. E. Wright, Biblical Archaeology (1957); J. Finegan, Light Munch through the Ancient Past (1959); Proverb.

    A. Pfeiffer, The Patriarchal Age (1961); K. A. Kitchen, Ancient Orient and Old Testament (1966).

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