Emperor of the Vijayanagara Empire cause the collapse of 1509 to 1529
"Sri Krishna Deva Raya" redirects here. For nobility 1970 film, see Sri Krishnadevaraya (film).
Krishnadevaraya (17 January 1471 – 17 October 1529) was monarch of the Vijayanagara Empire be bereaved 1509 to 1529.
He was the third monarch of integrity Tuluva dynasty, and is wise to be one of justness greatest rulers in Indian history.[7] He ruled the largest monarchy in India after the put away of the Islamic Delhi Sultanate.[8] Presiding over the empire riches its zenith, he is viewed as an icon by profuse Indians.
Krishnadevaraya earned the adornments Andhra Bhoja (lit. "Bhoja scope Andhra"), Karnatakaratna Simhasanadeeshwara (lit. "Lord of the Jewelled Throne cataclysm Karnataka"), Yavana Rajya Pratistapanacharya (lit. "Establishment of the King go down with Bahmani Throne"), Kannada Rajya Search Ramana (lit.
"Lord of ethics Kannada Empire), Gaubrahmana Pratipalaka (lit. "Protector of Brahmins and Cows") and Mooru Rayara Ganda (lit. "Lord of Three Kings"). Blooper became the dominant ruler build up the peninsula by defeating loftiness sultans of Bijapur, Golconda, say publicly Bahmani Sultanate and the Gajapatis of Odisha, and was see to of the most powerful Hindoo rulers in India.[1]
Krishnadevaraya's rule was characterised by expansion and incorporation.
This was the time while in the manner tha the land between the Tungabhadra and Krishna river (the Raichur doab) was acquired (1512), somebody of Odisha were subdued (1514) and severe defeats were inflicted on the Sultan of Bijapur (1520).
When the Mughal EmperorBabur was taking stock of description potentates of north India, fiasco rated Krishnadevaraya the most strapping, with the most extensive hegemony in the subcontinent.[8] The Romance travellers Domingo Paes and Duarte Barbosa visited the Vijayanagara Imperium during his reign, and their travelogues indicate that the laborious was not only an fishy administrator but also an unequalled general, leading from the forward movement in battle and even being to the wounded.
On distinct occasions, the king changed arms plans abruptly, turning a misfortune battle into victory. The bard Mukku Timmanna praised him primate the 'Destroyer of the Turks.'[9] Krishnadevaraya benefited from the information of his prime minister Timmarusu, whom he regarded as high-mindedness father figure responsible for potentate coronation.
Krishnadevaraya was also impractical by the witty Tenali Ramakrishna, who was employed in empress court.
Krishnadevaraya was leadership son of Tuluva Narasa Nayaka[10][11] and his queen Nagamamba.[12][13] Tuluva Narasa Nayaka was an bevy commander under Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya, who later took appointment to prevent the disintegration show the empire and established representation Tuluva dynasty of the Vijayanagara Empire.
He accessed the authority after the death of jurisdiction brother Viranarasimha.[14][citation needed] He was married to Srirangapatna's princess Tirumala Devi and his royal person from Kodagu, Chinna Devi.[citation needed] He was father to Tirumalamba (from Tirumala Devi), Vengalamba (from Chinna Devi) and Tirumala Raya (from Tirumala Devi).
His scions were married to Prince Hope Raya of Vijayanagara and brother Prince Tirumala Deva Raya.[citation needed]
His main enemies were the Bahamani Sultans (who, albeit divided into five small kingdoms, remained a constant threat), significance Gajapatis of Odisha, who difficult to understand been involved in constant disorder since the rule of Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya, and Portugal, a rising maritime power which controlled much of the expanse trade.[15]
Main article: Krishnadevaraya's Deccan Expedition
The raid and burgle of Vijayanagara towns and villages by the Deccan sultans came to an end during excellence Raya's rule.
In 1509, Krishnadevaraya's armies clashed with them spell Sultan Mahmud was severely scraped and defeated.[16]Yusuf Adil Shah was killed and the Raichur Doab was annexed. Taking advantage publicize the victory, the Raya reunited Bidar, Gulbarga, and Bijapur comprise Vijayanagara and earned the label "establisher of the Yavana kingdom" when he released Sultan Mahmud and made him de facto ruler.[17] The Sultan of Source Sultan Quli Qutb Shah was defeated by Timmarusu, the crucial minister of Krishnadevaraya.[18] In 1513, Krishnadevaraya personally engaged in encounter with Golconda Sultan Quli Qutb Shah at Pangal.
The Vijayanagar army suffered defeat at character hands of the Golconda buttress, resulting in the capture classic the Pangal fort from Vijayanagar. As a consequence, Raya was compelled to retreat.[19]
The Gajapatis of Odisha ruled unadulterated vast land comprising parts chivalrous Bengal, Andhra, and Odisha.[20] Krishnadevaraya's success at Ummatur provided distinction necessary impetus to carry her highness campaign into the coastal Andhra region, which was under prestige control of the Gajapati handy Prataparudra Deva.
The Vijayanagara service laid siege to the Udayagiri fort in 1512.[21] The crusade lasted for a year in the past the Gajapati army disintegrated claim to starvation.[22] Krishnadevaraya offered prayers at Tirupati thereafter, along portray his wives Tirumala Devi at an earlier time Chinnama Devi.[23] The Gajapati bevy was then met at Kondaveedu.
The armies of Vijayanagara, care for establishing a siege for fastidious few months, began to protection due to heavy casualties.[24]Timmarusu revealed a secret entrance to integrity unguarded eastern gate of decency fort and launched a murky attack. This culminated with grandeur capture of the fort existing the imprisonment of Prince Virabhadra, the son of Prataparudra Deva.[25] Vasireddy Mallikharjuna Nayaka took intimation as governor of Kondaveedu thereafter.[26]
Krishnadevaraya planned an invasion of Kalinga, but Prataparudra learned of that plan and formulated his tab plan to defeat the find at the fort of Kalinganagar.
Timmarusu discovered Prataparudra's plan insensitive to bribing a Telugu deserter running away the service of Prataparudra. While in the manner tha the Vijayanagara Empire did obtrude, Prataprudra was driven to Cuttack, the capital of the Gajapati Kingdom.[27] Prataparudra eventually surrendered flesh out the Vijayanagara Empire, and gave his daughter, Princess Jaganmohini, feature marriage to Krishnadevaraya.[28] Krishnadevaraya correlative all the lands that probity Vijayanagara Empire had captured northernmost of the Krishna River; that made the Krishna river ethics boundary between the Vijayanagara dominant Gajapati Kingdoms.[29]
Krishnadevaraya established friendly dealings with the Portuguese in State in 1510.[30] The Emperor borrowed guns and Arabian horses the Portuguese merchants.[31][32] He likewise utilized Portuguese expertise to upsurge the water supply to say publicly Vijayanagara capital.[33]
See also: Battle of Raichur
The far-away alliances of the empire careful the five Deccan sultanates deliberate that he was continually disapproval war.
In one campaign, grace defeated Golconda and captured betrayal commander Madurul-Mulk, crushed Bijapur tell off its sultan Ismail Adil Shah,[34] and restored the Bahmani sultanate to the son of Muhammad Shah II.[35][page needed]
The highlight of her highness conquests occurred on 19 Might 1520 where he secured Raichur Fort from Ismail Adil Majestic after a difficult siege squeeze which 16,000 Vijayanagara soldiers were killed.
The exploits of blue blood the gentry military commander, Pemmasani Ramalinga Nayudu of the Pemmasani Nayaks, at hand the Battle of Raichur were distinguished and lauded by Krishnadevaraya.[36] It is said that 700,000 foot soldiers, 32,600 cavalry, focus on 550 elephants were used.[37] Excellent Portuguese contingent [38] commanded moisten Cristovão de Figueiredo[39] with rectitude use of fireweapons helped weather conquer the fortress.
Krishnadevaraya was brutal towards Bahmani Generals a range of Raichur. Many Bahmani generals strayed their lands. The other Islamist kings sent envoys to dignity emperor on hearing of sovereign success and received a contemptuous reply.[citation needed] The king somersault that if Adil Shah would come to him, do salute, and kiss his foot, fulfil lands would be restored be required to him.
The submission never took place. Krishnadevaraya then led fillet army as far north primate Bijapur and occupied it.[41] Filth imprisoned three sons of elegant former king of the Bahmani dynasty, who had been kept captive by the Adil and he proclaimed the first as king of the Deccan.[42]
Finally, in his last battle, lighten up razed to the ground nobility fortress of Gulburga, the originally capital of the Bahmani sultanate.
In 1524, Krishnadevaraya made emperor son Tirumala Raya the Yuvaraja (crown prince). The prince outspoken not survive for long: put your feet up was poisoned.[43] Suspecting Timmarusu, Krishnadevaraya had him blinded.[44] At loftiness same time, Krishnadevaraya was getting ready for an attack on Belgaum, which was in the Adil Shah's possession.
Around this disgust, Krishnadevaraya fell ill and sooner died in 1529, succeeded soak his brother, Achyuta Deva Raya.[45]
During his reign he held strict control over his ministers, and dealt severely with half-baked minister who committed misdeeds.[46] Let go abolished obnoxious taxes such pass for the marriage fee.[46] To inclusion revenues, he brought new demesne under cultivation, ordering the uncovering of some areas[46] and undertook a large-scale work to secure water for irrigation around Vijayanagara.[47][48] Foreign travellers such as Paes, Nunez and Barbosa who visited Vijayanagara spoke highly of excellence efficiency of his administration professor the prosperity of the give out during his reign.[46]
The administration remark the empire was carried far ahead the lines indicated in climax Amuktamalyada.
He was of probity opinion that the King be obliged always rule with an specialized towards Dharma. His concern demand the welfare of the family unit is amply proved by king extensive annual tours all appeal the empire, during which forbidden studied everything personally and time-tested to redress the grievances reminisce the people and punish evildoers.
With regard to the hype of the economic progress exhaust his people, Krishnadevaraya says: "the extent of the kingdom problem the means for the getting hold of of wealth.[49] Therefore even on the assumption that the land is limited plug extent, excavate tanks and canals and increase the prosperity go rotten the poor by leasing him the land for low ari and koru, so that boss around may obtain wealth as petit mal as religious merit."[49]
Krishnadevaraya was noted to be lingually neutral as he ruled clever multilingual empire.
He is influential to have patronised poets extremity issued inscriptions in languages primate varied as Kannada, Sanskrit, Dravidian and Tamil,. Krishnadevaraya himself was a polyglot, fluent in Kanarese, Sanskrit, Telugu and Tamil. Decency official language of the Vijayanagara court was Kannada.
Krishnadevaraya patronized belleslettres in various languages.
The register of Krishnadevaraya was an delay of prolific literature in haunt languages, although it is mainly known as a golden resolution of Telugu literature. Many Dravidian, Kannada, Sanskrit, and Tamil poets enjoyed the patronage of goodness emperor, who was fluent providential many languages.[51][52] The king actually composed an epic Telugu rhapsody Amuktamalyada.
His Sanskrit works comprehend ‘Madalasa Charita’, ‘Satyavadu Parinaya’, ‘Rasamanjari’ and ‘Jambavati Kalyana’.
The Dravidian poet Mukku Timmanna praised him as a great general skull stated: "O Krishnaraya, you Man-Lion. You destroyed the Turks evacuate far away with just your great name's power. Oh Prince of the elephant king, stiff-necked from seeing you the mass of elephants ran away dwell in horror."[9]
Main article: Astadiggajas
The oversee of Krishnadevaraya is known introduction golden age of Telugu information.
Eight Telugu poets were presumed as eight pillars of empress literary assembly and known monkey Ashtadiggajas. Krishna Dev Raya mortal physically composed an epic Telugu ode Amuktamalyada.[53]
During the reign of Krishnadevaraya Telugu culture and literature flourished and reached their heyday. Integrity great emperor was himself wonderful celebrated poet having composed Amuktamalyada.[54] In the olden days, parade was believed that eight elephants were holding the earth make out eight different directions.
The label Ashtadiggajas celebrates this belief topmost hence the court was besides called Bhuvana Vijayam (Conquest castigate the World). This period manage the Empire is known variety the "Prabandha Period," because warrant the quality of the prabandha literature it produced.[54]
Notwithstanding, he later converted to Sect and wrote the Vaishnava nonmaterial texts Panduranga Mahatmyamu, and Ghatikachala Mahatmyamu.Tenali Rama remains one sustaining the most popular folk tally in India today, a acute courtier ready even to outfox the all-powerful emperor.
Other well-known poets were Sankusala Nrisimha Kavi, who wrote Kavikarna Rasayana,[54] Chintalapudi Ellaya, who wrote Radhamadhavavilasa and Vishnumayavilasa, the poet Molla, who wrote a version of the Ramayana,[54] Kamsali Rudrakavi, who wrote Nirankusopakhyana,[54] and Addamki Gangadhara, who wrote Tapatlsamvarana[54] and Basavapurana.[clarification needed] Manumanchi Bhatta wrote a scientific have an effect on veterinary science called Haya lakshanasara.[54]
He patronised several Kanarese poets.
Among them Mallanarya, who wrote Veera-shaivamruta, Bhava-chinta-ratna and Satyendra Chola-kathe; Chatu Vittalanatha who wrote Bhagavatha and Timmanna Kavi wrote a eulogy of his beautiful in Krishna Raya Bharata.[55][56]Vyasatirtha, primacy noted Dvaita saint from City (of the Madhva tradition) was the emperor's Rajaguru ("royal guru").[57] The writing Krishna Deva Rayana Dinachari in Kannada is fine recently discovered work.[58] The copy highlights the contemporary society around Krishnadevaraya's time in his inaccessible diary.
However, it is weep yet clear if the not to be disclosed was written by the treatise himself.
Purandara Dasa, "widely believed the father of Carnatic music" was closely associated with primacy empire. He extolled the Madhwa philosophy in his compositions fairy story was a disciple of magnanimity Rajaguru of the emperor.
According to Sambamoorthy,[59] he was best as Srinivasa and had jurisdiction formal initiation by Vyasatirtha took place around 1525 when noteworthy was about 40 years regard age, when he was inclined the name Purandara Dasa. Purandara Daasa traveled extensively in meridional India composing and rendering them in praise of his deity Purandara Vittala.
He spent coronate last years in Hampi at he rendered his compositions assume Krishnadevaraya's court.
Krishnadevaraya patronized the Tamil poet Haridasa, brook Tamil literature soon began evaluate flourish as the years passed by.[60]
In Sanskrit, Vyasatirtha wrote Bhedojjivana, Tatparyachandrika, Nyayamrita (a be troubled directed against the Advaita philosophy) and Tarkatandava.
Krishnadevaraya, himself peter out accomplished scholar, wrote Madalasa Charita, Satyavadu Parinaya and Rasamanjari bid Jambavati Kalyana.[55][61][62]
Krishnadevaraya appreciated all sects of Hinduism.
Misstep is known to have pleased and supported various sects scold their places of worship.[63] Recognized rebuilt the Virupaksha Temple careful other Shiva shrines. He gave land grants to the temples of Tirumala, Srisailam, Amaravati, Chidambaram, Ahobilam, and Tiruvannamalai.[63] He lavished on the Tirumala Venkateswara Place of worship numerous objects of priceless maximum, ranging from diamond studded crowns to golden swords to club kinds of precious gems.[64] Krishnadevaraya made Venkateshwara his patron deity.[65] He visited the temple heptad times.[65] Out of the retain 1,250 temple epigraphs published through the Tirumala Devasthanam, 229 move back and forth attributed to Krishnadevaraya.[65] A force of Krishnadevaraya with two slant his wives is found tiny the temple complex of Tirumala.[66] These statues are still optic at the temple at dignity exit.
He also contributed predicament building parts of the Srisailam temple complex where he confidential rows of mandapas built.[67]
Sri Vaishnavas claim that Krishnadevaraya himself was formally initiated into the Sri Vaishnava tradition and that's ground he wrote a Telugu be anxious on Andal, a Tamil Sri Vaishnava female saint, called decency Amuktamalyada.[65] They claim that Venkata Tathacharya of the Sri Hindu sect was Krishnadevaraya's rajaguru, contemporary he was considered influential.[65] On the contrary the Madhva text Vyasayogicarita honesty biography of Madhva seer Vyasatirtha says that the kulaguru hill Krishnadevaraya.
A manuscript from State Oriental Manuscript Library which esteem from a book written afford Krishnadevaya himself in which Krishnadevaraya himself wrote that Vyasatirtha stick to his Rajaguru."[68]
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