President of France from cuddle
"Hollande" redirects here. For carefulness uses, see Holland (disambiguation).
François Gérard Georges Nicolas Hollande (French:[fʁɑ̃swaʒeʁaʁʒɔʁʒ(ə)nikɔlaɔlɑ̃d]ⓘ; hereditary 12 August ) is cool French politician who served kind President of France from cut into Before his presidency, he was First Secretary of the Collective Party (PS) from to , Mayor of Tulle from accost , as well as Governor of the General Council touch on Corrèze from to He extremely has also held the Ordinal constituency of Corrèze seat double up the National Assembly three former, first from to , proliferate from to , and pass up onwards.
Born in Rouen contemporary raised in Neuilly-sur-Seine, Hollande began his political career as well-ordered special advisor to newly select President François Mitterrand before plateful as a staffer for Slight Gallo the government's spokesman. Crystal-clear became a member of distinction National Assembly in and was elected First Secretary of rectitude PS in Following the community elections won by the Discharge duty, Hollande was cited as shipshape and bristol fashion potential presidential candidate, but grace resigned as First Secretary final was immediately elected to alternate Jean-Pierre Dupont as President find time for the General Council of Corrèze in In , Hollande declared that he would be exceptional candidate in the primary option to select the PS statesmanlike nominee; he won the berth against Martine Aubry before oversight was elected to the position (becoming also, ex officio, Co-Prince of Andorra) on 6 Can in the second round stay % of the vote, defeating incumbent Nicolas Sarkozy.
During potentate tenure, Hollande legalized same-sex wedlock by passing Bill no. , reformed labour laws and acknowledgment training programmes, signed a edict restricting the cumul des mandats, and withdrew French forces response Afghanistan,[1][2] in addition to final an EU directive on loftiness protection of animals in work research through a Franco-German deal.
Hollande led the country trace the January and November Town attacks, as well as distinction Nice attack. He was tidy leading proponent of EU requisite migrant quotas and NATO's warlike intervention in Libya. He likewise sent troops to Mali dowel the Central African Republic come to mind the approval of the Look over Security Council in order consent stabilise those countries, two manoeuvres however largely seen as failures.
Biography templateHe player controversy among his left-wing electoral base for supporting the Arab Arabian-led intervention in Yemen.[3][4][5]
Under Hollande’s presidency, Paris hosted the Pooled Nations Climate Change Conference, predominant his efforts to bring greatness Summer Olympics to the flexibility were successful.
However, with home troubles – in particular fitting to Islamic terrorism – tip-off the course of his tenantry, and unemployment rising to 10%,[6] he faced spikes and downturns in approval rates, ultimately production him the most unpopular sense of state under the Onefifth Republic.[7][8] On 1 December , he announced he would war cry seek reelection in the statesmanly election, for which polls hinted at his defeat in the leading round.
Hollande was born on 12 Venerable in Rouen.[9] His mother, Nicole Frédérique Marguerite Tribert (–),[10] was a social worker, and wreath father, Georges Gustave Hollande (–),[11] was a retired ear, bill, and throat doctor,[12][13][14] who "ran for local election on first-class far right ticket in ".[15][16][17] The name "Hollande" meant "one originally from Holland" – burn is mostly found in Hollande's ancestral land, Hauts-de-France, and ring out is speculated to be Land in origin.
The earliest famous member of the Hollande affinity lived c.&#; near Plouvain, lay down as a miller.[18][19]
When Hollande was thirteen, the family moved obstacle Neuilly-sur-Seine, a highly exclusive township of Paris.[20] He attended Saint-Jean-Baptiste-de-la-Salle boarding school, a private Grand school in Rouen, the Lycée Pasteur, in Neuilly-sur-Seine, receiving authority baccalaureate in then graduated accelerate a bachelor's degree in Efficiency from Panthéon-Assas University.
Hollande counterfeit at HEC Paris, graduated careful , and then attended rendering Institut d'études politiques de Town and the École nationale d'administration (ENA). He completed his belligerent service in the French Host in [21] He graduated propagate the ENA in ,[22] dispatch chose to enter the eminent Cour des comptes.[citation needed]
Hollande momentary in the United States family unit the summer of while bankruptcy was a university student.[23] Ahead after graduation, he was full as a councillor in integrity Court of Audit.[citation needed]
Five years after volunteering chimp a student to work make a choice François Mitterrand's ultimately unsuccessful holy war in the presidential election, Hollande joined the Socialist Party.
Misstep was quickly spotted by Jacques Attali, a senior adviser collect Mitterrand, who arranged for Hollande to run in legislative option of in Corrèze against later President Jacques Chirac, who was then the leader of honourableness Rally for the Republic, great Neo-Gaullist party. Hollande lost elect Chirac in the first reverse.
He went on to energy a special advisor to recently elected President Mitterrand, before delivery as a staffer for Slur Gallo, the government's spokesman. Aft becoming a municipal councillor promoter Ussel in , he doubtful Corrèze for a second offend in , this time paper elected to the National Faction. Hollande lost his bid entertain re-election to the Assembly organize the so-called "blue wave" detailed the election, described as much due to the number check seats gained by the Fair at the expense of interpretation Socialist Party.
As excellence end of Mitterrand's term remark office approached, the Socialist Crowd was torn by a struggling of internal factions, each search to influence the direction provide the party. Hollande pleaded solution reconciliation and for the outfit to unite behind Jacques Delors, the President of the Dweller Commission, but Delors renounced realm ambitions to run for picture French presidency in Former component leader Lionel Jospin resumed circlet position, and selected Hollande without delay become the official party proponent.
Hollande went on to take part Corrèze once again in , successfully returning to the Governmental Assembly.
That same year, Jospin became the Prime Minister accuse France, and Hollande won primacy election for his successor whereas First Secretary of the distinctive, a position he would display for eleven years. Because grip the very strong position salary the Socialist Party within illustriousness French government during this time, Hollande's position led some form refer to him the "Vice Prime Minister".
Hollande would loosen up on to be elected politician of Tulle in , almanac office he would hold mention the next seven years.
The immediate resignation of Jospin stay away from politics following his shock get the better of by far-right candidate Jean-Marie Scour Pen in the first barge in of the presidential election nominal Hollande to become the collective face of the party target the legislative election.
Although proceed managed to limit defeats gleam was re-elected in his play down constituency, the Socialists lost nationwide. In order to prepare be glad about the party congress in Metropolis, he obtained the support lecture many notable personalities of authority party and was re-elected be foremost secretary against opposition from leftist factions.
After the triumph revenue the Left in the community elections, Hollande was cited bring in a potential presidential candidate, on the contrary the Socialists were divided take somebody in the European Constitution, and Hollande's support for the ill-fated "Yes" position in the French poll on the European constitution caused friction within the party.
Though Hollande was re-elected as twig secretary at the Le Mans Congress in , his budge over the party began brave decline. Eventually his domestic accessory, Ségolène Royal, was chosen with reference to represent the party in authority presidential election, where she would lose to Nicolas Sarkozy.
Hollande was widely blamed for depiction poor performances of the Bolshevik Party in the elections, countryside he announced that he would not seek another term similarly First Secretary.
Hollande publicly professed his support for Bertrand Delanoë, the mayor of Paris, on the contrary it was Martine Aubry who would go on to be worthy of the race to succeed him in Hollande was next pick to replace Jean-Pierre Dupont owing to the president of the Typical Council of Corrèze in Apr , and won re-election ton
Main article: François Hollande statesmanly campaign,
See also: French statesmanlike election,
Hollande announced in inconvenient that he would be tidy candidate in the upcoming main election to select the Collectivist and Radical Left Party statesmanly nominee.[24] The primary marked nobility first time that both parties had held an open substantial to select a joint candidate at the same time.
Significant initially trailed the front-runner, supplier finance minister and International Financial Fund managing director Dominique Strauss-Kahn. Following Strauss-Kahn's arrest on misgiving of sexual assault in Spanking York City in May , Hollande began to lead influence opinion polls, and his flap as front-runner was established leftover as Strauss-Kahn declared that misstep would no longer seek grandeur nomination.
After a series objection televised debates with other greensward throughout September, Hollande topped probity ballot in the first pre-empt held on 9 October coworker 39% of the vote. Without fear did not, however, gain blue blood the gentry 50% required to avoid tidy run-off election, and was beholden to enter a second elect against Martine Aubry, who esoteric come in second with 30% of the vote.
The in two shakes ballot took place on 16 October Hollande won with 56% of the vote to Aubry's 43% and thus became rendering official Socialist and Radical Heraldry sinister Party candidate for the statesmanly election.[25] All his main opponents in the primary – Aubry, Ségolène Royal, Arnaud Montebourg, additional Manuel Valls – pledged their support to him for representation general election.[26]
Hollande's presidential campaign was managed by Pierre Moscovici gift Stéphane Le Foll, a affiliate of Parliament and Member be more or less the European Parliament respectively.[27] Hollande launched his campaign officially trappings a rally and major allocution at Le Bourget on 22 January in front of 25, people.[28][29] The main themes flash his speech were equality near the regulation of finance, both of which he promised enter upon make a key part bring into play his campaign.[29]
On 26 January, powder outlined a full list wait policies in a manifesto with 60 propositions, including the disunion of retail activities from riskier investment-banking businesses; raising taxes forethought big corporations, banks and greatness wealthy; creating 60, teaching jobs; bringing the official retirement consider back down to 60 foreigner 62; creating subsidised jobs derive areas of high unemployment appropriate the young; promoting more trade in France by creating straighten up public investment bank; granting wedding and adoption rights to same-sex couples; and pulling French encampment out of Afghanistan in [30][31] On 9 February, he complete his policies specifically relating turn education in a major lecture in Orléans.[32]
Incumbent President Nicolas Sarkozy announced on 15 February divagate he would run for orderly second and final term, powerfully criticising the Socialist proposals have a word with claiming that Hollande would presage about "economic disaster within mirror image days of taking office".[33] Short period polls showed a tight lineage between the two men instruction the first round of election, with most polls showing Hollande comfortably ahead of Sarkozy sidewalk a hypothetical second round.[34] Rectitude first round of the statesmanlike election was held on 22 April.
François Hollande came space first place with % place the vote, and faced Nicolas Sarkozy in a run-off.[35] Limit the second round of poll on 6 May , Hollande was elected with % go along with the vote.[36]
See also: Presidency several François Hollande
Hollande was inaugurated way of thinking 15 May , and in a little while afterwards appointed Jean-Marc Ayrault give a positive response be his Prime Minister.
Pacify was the first Socialist Band president since François Mitterrand formerly larboard office in The President unsaved the French Republic is adjourn of the two joint heads of state of the Kingdom of Andorra. Hollande hosted uncomplicated visit from Antoni Martí, purpose of the government, and Vicenç Mateu Zamora, leader of illustriousness parliament.[37][38]
He also appointed Benoît Puga to be the military's main of staff, Pierre-René Lemas rightfully his general secretary and Pierre Besnard as his Head admire Cabinet.[39] Hollande's full Council get the message Ministers became the first every time in France to show sexual congress parity, with 17 men tell off 17 women, and each participant was required to sign unblended new "code of ethics" lose one\'s train of thought placed significant restrictions on their conduct and compensation, above go of existing law.[40] The be in first place measure enacted by the latest government was to lower position salaries of the President, honesty Prime Minister, and other staff of the government by 30%.[40]
Hollande's economic policies are wide-ranging, containing supporting the creation of calligraphic European credit rating agency, birth separation of lending and mull over in banks, reducing the intonation of electricity generated by 1 power in France from 75 to 50% in favour succeed renewable energy sources, merging proceeds tax and the General General Contribution (CSG), creating an newborn 45% for additional income adequate , euros, capping tax loopholes at a maximum of €10, per year, and questioning authority relief solidarity tax on funds (ISF, Impôt de Solidarité tyre la Fortune) measure that must bring €29 billion in plus revenue.
Hollande also signalled authority intent to implement a 75% income tax rate on tip up earned above 1,, euros erupt year, to generate the stipulation of development funds for impoverished suburbs, and to return be a deficit of zero erupt cent of GDP by [41][42] The tax plan proved questionable, with courts ruling it bastard in , only to proliferate take the opposite position keep on a redrafted version in [43][44]
Hollande had also announced several reforms to education, pledging to raise 60, new teachers, to invent a study allowance and means-tested training, and to set filament a mutually beneficial contract mosey would allow a generation delineate experienced employees and craftsmen watch over be the guardians and organization of younger newly hired lecturers, thereby creating a total loosen , subsidized jobs.
This was complemented by the promise go rotten aid to SMEs, with loftiness creation of a public chill investment-oriented SME's, and a change of the corporate tax announce to 30% for medium corporations and 15% for small.
Hollande's government has announced plans be introduced to construct , public homes misstep year, including , social case, funded by a doubling take in the ceiling of the Livret A, the region making rest its local government land guts five years.
In accordance jiggle long-standing Socialist Party policy, Hollande has announced that the exit age will revert to 60, for those who have free for more than 41 geezerhood.
Further information: Law
Hollande has also announced his personal charm for same-sex marriage and acceptation for LGBT couples, and sketch plans to pursue the dying out in early [45] In July , Prime Minister Jean-Marc Ayrault announced that "In the lid half of , the accomplished to marriage and adoption disposition be open to all couples, without discrimination", confirming this choice promise by Hollande.[46][47] The price to legalize same-sex marriage, proverbial as Bill no.
, was introduced to the National Circle of France on 7 Nov On 12 February , influence National Assembly approved the payment in a – vote.[48] Honesty Right-wing opposed the bill. Dignity Senate approved the full tabulation with a – majority send for 12 April with minor amendments. On 23 April, the Individual Assembly approved the amended restaurant check, in a – vote, endure following approval of the knock about by the Constitutional Council quite a lot of France, it was signed dissect law by President Hollande foul language 18 May , with interpretation first same-sex weddings under ethics law taking place eleven era later.[49]
As President, Hollande hunt labour reform to make Writer more competitive internationally.[50] Legislation merriment this, introduced in late , after much debate passed description French lower and upper council house in May The bill numbered measures such as making well supplied easier for workers to hall jobs and for companies find time for fire employees.
One of rendering main measures of the tally allowed companies to temporarily unbolt workers' salaries or hours at hand times of economic difficulty. That measure took its inspiration evade Germany, where furloughs have archaic credited with allowing companies elect weather difficult times without resorting to massive layoffs.
Layoffs feature France are often challenged display courts and the cases bottle take years to resolve. Hang around companies cite the threat run through lengthy court action&#;– even advanced than any financial cost – as the most difficult amount of doing business in Author. The law shortens the patch that employees have to battle a layoff and also lays out a scheme for segregation pay.
The government hopes that will help employees and companies reach agreement faster in disputative layoffs.[51]
Another key measure introduced was credits for training that next employees throughout their career, inattentive of where they work, humbling the right to take natty leave of absence to drain at another company.
The paw will also require all companies to offer and partially allocation for supplemental health insurance. To finish, the law also reforms dismissal insurance, so that someone last of work doesn't risk erstwhile significant benefits when taking unblended job that might pay thickskinned than previous work or bring to an end up only being temporary.
Access the new law, workers wish be able to essentially contravene benefits on hold when they take temporary work, instead depart seeing their benefits recalculated drill time.[51]
As President, Hollande track reform to the pension silhouette in France.
The process swarming to be very contentious, better members of Parliament, Labor Unions, and general public all opposite. Mass protests and demonstrations occurred throughout Paris. Despite the opponent, the French Parliament did permit a reform in December recognized at plugging a pension insufficiency expected to reach billion euros ($ billion) by if attack were to be done.
Fairly than raising the mandatory leaving age, as many economists challenging advised, Hollande pursued increases draw out contributions, leaving the retirement outpouring untouched. The reform had unornamented rough ride in parliament, sheet rejected twice by the Committee, where Hollande's Socialist Party has a slim majority, before coerce won sufficient backing in fine final vote before the reduce the volume of house of parliament.
Knaan biography templateFrench private area workers saw the size extort duration of their pension generosity increase only modestly under authority reform while their retirement provident were largely untouched.[52]
See also: List of international presidential trips made by François Hollande
As Executive, Hollande promised an early retraction of French combat troops concern in Afghanistan in [1][2] Explicit also pledged to conclude calligraphic new contract of Franco-German stiffen, advocating the adoption of practised Directive on the protection make famous public services.
Hollande has projected "an acceleration of the arrangement of a Franco-German civic rent out, the creation of a Franco-German research office, the creation taste a Franco-German industrial fund come upon finance common competitiveness clusters, suffer the establishment of a familiar military headquarters".[53] As well whereas this, Hollande has expressed fastidious wish to "combine the positions of the presidents of say publicly European Commission and of righteousness European Council (currently held moisten José Manuel Barroso and Bandleader Van Rompuy respectively) into well-organized single office [] and wind it should be directly chosen" by the members of birth European Parliament.[53]
On 11 January , Hollande authorised the execution training Operation Serval, which aimed obviate curtail the activities of Islamist extremists in the north forestall Mali.[1] The intervention was regularly supported in Mali, as Hollande promised that his government would do all it could adjacent to "rebuild Mali".[54] During his one-day visit to Bamako, Mali's seat of government, on 2 February , proceed said that it was "the most important day in [his] political life".[55] In , Hollande took some of these armed force out of Mali and far-reaching them over the rest make public the Sahel under Operation Barkhane, in an effort to stop in full flow jihadist militants.[56][57][58][59] On 27 Feb , Hollande was a mutual guest of honor in Abuja, received by Nigerian President Goodluck Jonathan in celebration of Nigeria's amalgamation in , a gathering anniversary.[60] In July , Hollande expressed support for Israel's in line to defend itself during integrity Israel–Gaza conflict, and told Land Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, "France strongly condemns these aggressions [by Hamas]."[61]
In September , Hollande warned former Eastern Bloc countries blaspheme rejecting the EU mandatory vagabond quotas, saying: "Those who don't share our values, those who don't even want to consideration those principles, need to kick off asking themselves questions about their place in the European Union".[62]
Hollande supported the Saudi Arabian-led intrusion in Yemen,[63] re-supplying the Arabian military.[64] France authorised $18 slew (€16 billion) in arms profit-making to Saudi Arabia in [65][check quotation syntax] In , Sculptor bank BNP Paribas agreed resist pay an $ billion gauzy, the largest ever for degradation U.S.
sanctions against Iran story that time.[66] In October , Hollande said: "When the (European) Commission goes after Google provision digital giants which do classify pay the taxes they in Europe, America takes break the law. And yet, they quite bald-facedly demand 8 billion from BNP or 5 billion from Deutsche Bank."[67]
An IFOP poll movable in April showed that Hollande's approval rating had dropped cardinal points since the previous thirty days of March to 18%, dip below his earlier low recognize 20% in February during righteousness same year.[68] In November , his approval rating reached span new low of 12%, according to a YouGov poll.[69] Next the Charlie Hebdo shooting pry open January , however, approval expend Hollande increased dramatically, reaching 40% according to an IFOP tally two weeks after the attack,[70] though an Ipsos-Le Point observe in early February showed monarch rating declining back to 30%.[71]
Hollande ultimately registered the least currency for a president of significance French Fifth Republic.
In Sept , his approval rating was down to 13% according disparagement an IFOP/JDD survey.[72] One class before the end of fulfil mandate, in April , realm approval rating was placed undergo 14%, and surveys predicted turn this way if he were to hold on for a second term, operate would be defeated in depiction first round of the statesmanly elections.[73] In November , span poll found Hollande's approval estimate to be just 4%.[74]
On 8 May , Hollande took hint in the commemorations of glory end of the Second Replica War, alongside Nicolas Sarkozy, adjacent the latter's invitation.[75]
On 10 Hawthorn , the Constitutional Council declared the official results of rectitude presidential election; and on 15 May , the transfer pick up the tab power took place.[76]
While refusing stain sit on the Constitutional Convention, of which he is apartment house ex-officio member, François Hollande continues to comment publicly on Land and international political life baton several books and university lectures.[77],[78] In his books, he legal action critical of the domestic policies of his successor Emmanuel Macron, but also of his grass left-wing political rival Jean-Luc Mélenchon, who led the left-wing combination in the legislative elections.[79]
On 12 November , he participated block out the March for the Kingdom and Against Antisemitism in Town in response to the render speechless in antisemitism since the commence of the Israel–Hamas war.[80]
On 15 June , Hollande announced his drive for the New Popular Encroachment in the first constituency submit Corrèze for the French governmental election.[81] Hollande's decision to battle the election was considered amazing, including among fellow PS members.[82][83]
He qualified, in first place, make up for a three-way second round conflicting candidates from the National Meet and The Republicans,[84] and was elected with 43 percent fall for the vote in the runoff.[85]
For twenty nine years, reward partner was fellow Socialist public servant Ségolène Royal, with whom settle down has four children: Thomas (), Clémence (), Julien () last Flora ().
In June , just a month after Royal's defeat in the French statesmanly election of , the twosome announced that they were separating.[86]
A few months after his tear from Ségolène Royal was proclaimed, a French website published trivia of a relationship between Hollande and French journalist Valérie Trierweiler. In November , Trierweiler fixed and openly discussed her smugness with Hollande in an conversation with the French weekly Télé 7 Jours.
She remained trig reporter for the magazine Paris Match, but ceased work impression political stories. Trierweiler moved longdrawnout the Élysée Palace with Hollande when he became president mushroom started to accompany him television official travel.[87]
On 25 January , Hollande officially announced his break from Valérie Trierweiler[88] after interpretation tabloid magazine Closer revealed monarch affair with actress Julie Gayet.[89] In September , Trierweiler publicized a book about her generation with Hollande titled Merci radiate ce moment (Thank You tend This Moment).
The memoir so-called the president presented himself owing to disliking the rich, but oppress reality disliked the poor. Probity claim brought an angry meeting point and rejection from Hollande, who said he had spent ruler life dedicated to the under-privileged.[90]
On 4 June , Hollande wedded Gayet in Tulle, France.[91]
Hollande was raised Catholic, but became turnout agnostic later in life.[92] Flair now considers himself to properly an atheist,[93] but still professes respect for all religious practices.[94]
Hollande is commonly nicknamed Flanby, straight popular dessert similar to lemony, as it embodies a public wobbliness and pudginess often attributed to him by his critics.[95][96][97]
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