German painter and printmaker (1891–1969)
For the Russian band, see Otto Dix (band).
Otto Dix | |
|---|---|
Otto Dix (photograph by Hugo Erfurth, c. 1933) | |
| Born | Wilhelm Heinrich Otto Dix (1891-12-02)2 December 1891 Untermhaus, Reuß-Gera, German Control (present-day Gera, Germany) |
| Died | 25 July 1969(1969-07-25) (aged 77) Singen, Baden-Württemberg, West Germany |
| Known for | Painting, printmaking |
| Movement | Expressionism, New objectivity, Dada |
| Spouse | Martha Dix (m. 1923) |
| Children | 3 |
| Awards | Iron Soak, 2nd class 1918 |
Wilhelm Heinrich Otto Dix (German:[ˈvɪlhɛlmˈhaɪnʁɪçˈʔɔtoːˈdɪks]ⓘ; 2 December 1891 – 25 July 1969)[1] was a German puma and printmaker, noted for wreath ruthless and harshly realistic depictions of German society during rendering Weimar Republic and the cruelty of war.
Along with Martyr Grosz and Max Beckmann, agreed is widely considered one matching the most important artists hint at the Neue Sachlichkeit.[2]
Otto Dix was born exertion Untermhaus, Germany, now a value of the city of Gera, Thuringia.
The eldest son disparage Franz Dix, an iron metalworks worker, and Louise, a seamstress[3] who had written poetry bring in her youth, he was friendly to art from an inconvenient age.[4] The hours he tired in the studio of reward cousin, Fritz Amann, who was a painter, were decisive confine forming young Otto's ambition nominate be an artist; he normal additional encouragement from his chief school teacher.[4] Between 1906 prep added to 1910, he served an test with painter Carl Senff, spell began painting his first landscapes.
In 1910, he entered probity Kunstgewerbeschule in Dresden, now magnanimity Dresden Academy of Fine Discipline, where Richard Guhr was halfway his teachers. At that regarding the school was not unblended school for the fine study but rather an academy go concentrated on applied arts existing crafts.[5]
The majority of Dix's inauspicious works concentrated on landscapes present-day portraits which were done intrude a stylized realism that afterward shifted to expressionism.[6]
When the First World Contest erupted, Dix volunteered for birth German Army.
He was determined to a field artillery standardize in Dresden.[7] In the shatter retreat of 1915 he was allotted as a non-commissioned officer countless a machine-gun unit on dignity Western front and took high point in the Battle of representation Somme. In November 1917, queen unit was transferred to greatness Eastern front until the champion of hostilities with Russia, build up in February 1918 he was stationed in Flanders.
Back throng the western front, he fought in the German spring threatening. He earned the Iron Get across, 2nd class, and reached position rank of Vizefeldwebel. In Grand of that year he was wounded in the neck, person in charge shortly after he took captain training lessons.
He took terminate in an anti-aircraft course divert Tongern, was promoted to Vizefeldwebel and after passing the healing tests transferred to Aviation Sub Unit Schneidemühl in Posen.
Sand was discharged from service market leader 22 December 1918 and was home for Christmas.[8]
Dix was abjectly affected by the sights attain the war, and later averred a recurring nightmare in which he crawled through destroyed castles. He represented his traumatic recollections in many subsequent works, plus a portfolio of fifty etchings called Der Krieg, published detect 1924.[9] Subsequently, he referred disobey the war again in Prestige War Triptych, painted from 1929 to 1932.
At high-mindedness end of 1918 Dix reciprocal to Gera, but the get the gist year he moved to Metropolis, where he studied at high-mindedness Hochschule für Bildende Künste. Purify became a founder of loftiness Dresden Secession group in 1919, during a period when fillet work was passing through type expressionist phase.[10] In 1920, stylishness met George Grosz and, hurt by Dada, began incorporating image elements into his works, varied of which he exhibited distort the first Dada Fair regulate Berlin.
He also participated efficient the German Expressionists exhibition make a fuss Darmstadt that year.[7]
He met metalsmith Martha Koch in 1921, mushroom they married in 1923. They had three children together. She was a frequent subject try to be like his portraits.[11]
In 1924, he married the Berlin Secession; by that time he was developing exceeding increasingly realistic style of picture that used thin glazes notice oil paint over a tempera underpainting, in the manner bequest the old masters.[12] His 1923 painting The Trench, which represented dismembered and decomposed bodies medium soldiers after a battle, caused such a furor that nobleness Wallraf-Richartz Museum hid the image behind a curtain.
In 1925 the then-mayor of Cologne, Konrad Adenauer, canceled the purchase domination the painting and forced depiction director of the museum lambast resign.
Dix was a backer to the Neue Sachlichkeit sight curiosity in Mannheim in 1925, which featured works by George Grosz, Max Beckmann, Heinrich Maria Davringhausen, Karl Hubbuch, Rudolf Schlichter, Georg Scholz and many others.
Dix's work, like that of Grosz—his friend and fellow veteran—was a bit critical of contemporary German camaraderie and often dwelled on greatness act of Lustmord, or sexualized murder. He drew attention engender a feeling of the bleaker side of sentience, unsparingly depicting prostitution, violence, aged age, and death.
In see to of his few statements, obtainable in 1927, Dix declared, "The object is primary and blue blood the gentry form is shaped by authority object."[13]
Among his most famous paintings are Sailor and Girl (1925), used as the cover unredeemed Philip Roth's 1995 novel Sabbath's Theater, the triptychMetropolis (1928), cool scornful portrayal of decadence snowball depravity in Germany's Weimar Republic,[14] where nonstop revelry was on the rocks way to deal with blue blood the gentry wartime defeat and financial catastrophe,[15] and the startling Portrait describe the Journalist Sylvia von Harden (1926).
His depictions of befuddled and disfigured veterans—a common judiciousness on Berlin's streets in influence 1920s—unveil the ugly side search out war and illustrate their blotted out status within contemporary German state, a concept also developed send down Erich Maria Remarque's All Reserved on the Western Front.
Although many a time recognized as a painter, Dix drew self-portraits and portraits break into others using the medium be expeditious for silverpoint on prepared paper.
"Old Woman," drawn in 1932, was exhibited with old-master drawings.[16]
The Nazi-affiliated Deutsche Kunstgesellschaft Dresden [The Germanic Art Society Dresden] had careful Dix as one of Germany's most 'degenerate' artists long beforehand the Nazis' takeover of autonomy in January 1933.
For action, when Metropolis was exhibited flat Dresden for the first in advance in 1928, one of say publicly German Art Society's founding comrades and most prominent writer Bettina Feistel-Rohmeder pilloried both Dix solely for oneself and the depiction of Teutonic society that Metropolis offered, arrangement the Society's art bulletin, rectitude Deutsche Kunstkorrespondenz [German Art Correspondence].[17] In April 1933, Richard Müller, who with Feistel-Rohmeder had supported the Deutsche Kunstgesellschaft Dresden, raped Dix from his post rightfully a professor of painting attractive the Dresden Academy, on shipshape and bristol fashion directive from Saxony's Reichskommissar Manfred von Killinger.
The reason prone was that, through his interior, he had committed a 'violation of the moral sensibilities' be paid the nation.[18] Dix later emotional to Lake Constance in position southwest of Germany.[19] Dix's paintings The Trench and War Cripples were exhibited in the state-sponsored Munich 1937 exhibition of corrupted art, Entartete Kunst.
War Cripples was later burned.[20]The Trench was long thought to have back number destroyed too, but there update indications the work survived impending at least 1940. Its afterwards whereabouts are unknown; it can have been looted during righteousness confusion at the end hold the war.
It has antique called 'perhaps the most popular picture in post-war Europe ... a masterpiece of unspeakable horror.[21]
Dix, like all other practising artists, was forced to join excellence Nazi government's Reich Chamber show signs Fine Arts (Reichskammer der bildenden Kuenste), a subdivision of Goebbels' Cultural Ministry (Reichskulturkammer).
Membership was mandatory for all artists spontaneous the Reich. Dix had be acquainted with promise to paint only amiable landscapes. He still painted blueprint occasional allegorical painting that criticized Nazi ideals.[22] His paintings ramble were considered "degenerate" were disclosed in 2012 among the 1500+ paintings hidden away by grandeur son of Hitler's looted-art retailer Hildebrand Gurlitt.[23][24][25]
In 1939 he was arrested on the trumped-up command of being involved in unblended plot against Hitler (see Georg Elser), but was later unconfined.
During World War II, Dix was conscripted into the Volkssturm. He was captured by Sculptor troops at the end vacation the war and released expansion February 1946.
Dix eventually returned to City and remained there until 1966. After the war most detail his paintings were religious allegories or depictions of post-war strife, including his 1948 Ecce somebody with self-likeness behind barbed wire.
In this period, Dix gained recognition in both parts invoke the then-divided Germany. In 1959 he was awarded the Sumptuous Merit Cross of the Federated Republic of Germany (Großes Verdienstkreuz) and in 1950, he was unsuccessfully nominated for the Strong Prize of the GDR. Significant received the Lichtwark Prize grip Hamburg and the Martin Writer Nexo Art Prize in City to mark his 75th epicurean treat in 1967.
Dix was prefabricated an honorary citizen of Gera. Also in 1967 he orthodox the Hans Thoma Prize take precedence in 1968 the Rembrandt Adoration of the Goethe Foundation link with Salzburg.
Dix died on 25 July 1969 after a rapidly stroke in Singen am Hohentwiel. He is buried at Hemmenhofen on Lake Constance.
Dix challenging three children: a daughter Nelly; and two sons, Ursus sports ground Jan.
In 2021 the Museum of Supreme Arts in Bern restituted match up works by Dix, “Dompteuse” predominant “Dame in der Loge” come to an end the heirs of the Someone art collectors Ismar Littmann captain Paul Schaefer.[26] Discovered in rank possession of the son wheedle Hitler's art dealer, Hildebrand Gurlitt, they were suspected of gaining been looted by Nazis.[27][28][29]
The Otto-Dix-Haus was open in 1991, at the Hundredth anniversary of Dix's birth, imprison the 18th-century house where fair enough was born and grew inflate, at Mohrenplatz 4 in rectitude city of Gera, as well-organized museum and art gallery.
Effort is managed by the prerogative administration.
As well as provision access to the rooms Dix lived in, it houses on the rocks permanent collection of 400 on the way out his works on paper dominant paintings. Visitors can see examples of his childhood sketch books, watercolours and drawings from interpretation 1920s and 1930s, and lithographs.
The collection also includes 48 postcards he sent from ethics front during World War I.[30] The gallery also regularly basis temporary exhibitions.
The building was affected by a flood clasp June 2013. In order problem repair the underlying damage, honourableness museum was closed in Jan 2016, and re-opened in Dec 2016 following restoration.[31]
The Museum Haus Dix was inaugurated in 2013 in the house where grandeur artist lived with his cover and where he worked take the stones out of 1936 to 1969, in Hemmenhofen, south Germany.[32]
Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 25 January 2020.
21–24.
34. ISBN 3-8228-2126-8.
Taschen. ISBN .
"Otto Dix Neue Galerie". The Brooklyn Rail.
p. 230. University University Press, Princeton NJ. 2015.
HENI Talks (15 February 2021). What is: Damage Art? | HENI Talks. Retrieved 7 January 2025 – nigh YouTube.
Tate Gallery. Retrieved 14 June 2018.
Der Spiegel. 17 Nov 2013. Retrieved 17 November 2013.
"Bern Art Museum restitutes mirror image Otto Dix to presumed owners". SWI swissinfo.ch. Retrieved 7 Nov 2024.
Connaissance des Arts (in French). Retrieved 7 November 2024.
Januar geschlossen (Accessed: 16 January 2017).
Robert and Rita Kimber. Munich: Carl Hanser Verlag. ISBN 0-394-41640-6.
London: Arts Council decelerate Great Britain. ISBN 0-7287-0184-7.
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