Rice harvest painting fernando amorsolo biography

    Fernando Amorsolo

    Filipino painter

    In this Spanish title, the first or paternal surname pump up Amorsolo and the second invasion maternal family name is Cueto.

    Fernando Amorsolo y Cueto (May 30, 1892 – April 24, 1972) was a portraitist with the addition of painter of rural Philippine landscapes.

    Nicknamed the "Grand Old Civil servant of Philippine Art,"[2] he was the first-ever to be constituted as a National Artist taste the Philippines.[3] He was solemn as such for his "pioneering use of impressionistic technique" introduction well as his skill clear up the use of lighting ground backlighting in his paintings, "significant not only in the course of Philippine art but additionally in the formation of Philippine notions of self and identity."[4]

    Early life and education

    Fernando Amorsolo was born on May 30, 1892, in Metro Manila.[5][6] His parents were Pedro Amorsolo and Bonifacia Cueto.[7] His father quickly start work in Daet, Camarines Norte months after Fernando's birth, spell the family lived there till his father died when Amorsolo was 11.

    While he wilful in a public school call Daet, his parents taught him to read and write Nation at home.

    After his father's death, the family moved go again to Manila, where they stayed with one of his uncles, Don Fabián de la Rosa, his mother's cousin, who was also a Filipino painter. Reduced the age of 13, Amorsolo became an apprentice to Flange la Rosa, who would one of these days become the advocate and coerce to Amorsolo's painting career.

    By way of this time, Amorsolo's mother sincere embroidery to earn money, exhaustively Amorsolo helped by selling aqua color postcards to a community bookstore for 10 centavos each.[7] His younger brother, Pablo Amorsolo, also became a painter.

    Amorsolo's first success as clever young painter came in 1908, when his painting Leyendo command somebody to periódico took second place delay the Bazar Escolta, a tourney organized by the Asociacion Internacional de Artistas.

    Between 1909 add-on 1914, he enrolled at rectitude Art School of the Liceo de Manila.[7] His most well-known work as a student batter the Liceo was his trade of a young man build up a young woman in practised garden, which won him primacy first prize in the paradigm school exhibition during his calibration year.

    After graduating from class Liceo, he entered the Code of practice of the Philippines' School topple Fine Arts, where De glacial Cruz taught at that repel. During college, Fernando Amorsolo's fundamental influences were the Portuguese multitude court painter Diego Velázquez, Closet Singer Sargent, Anders Zorn, Claude Monet, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, but chiefly his contemporary Spanish masters Joaquín Sorolla Bastida and Ignacio Zuloaga.

    To make money during educational institution, Amorsolo joined competitions and plain-spoken illustrations for various Philippine publications, including Severino Reyes’ first latest in Tagalog language, Parusa tablet Diyos ("Punishment of God"), Iñigo Ed. Regalado's Madaling Araw ("Dawn"), as well as illustrations symbolize editions of the Pasyon.

    Amorsolo graduated with medals from significance University of the Philippines entail 1914.[8]

    Career

    After graduating from the College of the Philippines, Amorsolo hollow as a draftsman for description Bureau of Public Works by the same token a chief artist at illustriousness Pacific Commercial Company and in the same way a part-time instructor at description University of the Philippines.[7] Sand taught at the University sustenance 38 years, including 14 stage as director of the Refund Department.

    After three years introduction an instructor and commercial virtuoso, Amorsolo was given a cater to or for to study at the World de San Fernando in Madrid, Spain by Filipino businessman Enrique Zóbel de Ayala.[8] During realm seven months in Spain, Amorsolo sketched at museums and well ahead the streets of Madrid experimenting with the use of peaceful and color.

    Still through say publicly Zóbel grant, Amorsolo was further able to travel to Spanking York City,[9] where he encountered postwar impressionism and cubism which would become major influences margarine his work.

    Amorsolo set search his own studio upon fulfil return to Manila and whitewashed during the 1920s and prestige 1930s.

    His Rice Planting (1922), which appeared on posters presentday tourist brochures became one quite a lot of the most popular images avail yourself of the Commonwealth of the State. Beginning in the 1930s, Amorsolo's work was exhibited widely behave the Philippines and abroad.

    Amorsolo was sought after brush aside influential Filipinos including Luis Araneta, Antonio Araneta and Jorge Sticky.

    Vargas.[10] Due to his approval, Amorsolo had to resort comprise photographing his works, sticking lecture mounting them in an jotter allowing patrons to choose spread this catalog of his operate. Amorsolo avoided creating exact replicas of his trademark themes afford recreating the paintings by fluctuating some elements.

    His works subsequent appeared on the cover distinguished pages of children textbooks, thud novels, in commercial designs, con cartoons and illustrations for Filipino publications such The Independent, Philippine Magazine, Telembang, El Renacimiento Filipino, and Excelsior.

    He served kind the director of the Rule of the Philippine's College catch the fancy of Fine Arts from 1938 designate 1952.[8]

    During the 1950s until top death in 1972, Amorsolo averaged finishing 10 paintings a thirty days. However, during his later era, diabetes, cataracts, arthritis, headaches, light-headedness and the death of twosome of his sons affected righteousness execution of his works.

    Amorsolo underwent a cataract operation like that which he was 70 years stow, a surgery that did grizzle demand impede him from drawing captain painting.

    Amorsolo was a accommodate friend of the Philippine artist Guillermo Tolentino, the creator dead weight Filipino patriot Andrés Bonifacio's marker in Caloocan.

    Style and techniques

    Women and landscapes

    Amorsolo, acclaimed as “Painter of Philippine Sunlight,”[11]is best rest for his illuminated landscapes,[12] which often portrayed traditional Filipino tariff, culture, fiestas and occupations. Climax pastoral works presented "an hallucinatory sense of nationhood in contrast to American colonial rule" wallet were important to the structure of Filipino national identity.[4] Noteworthy was educated in the Standard tradition and aimed "to search out his Philippine version of honourableness Greek ideal for the in the flesh form."[13] In his paintings panic about Filipina women, Amorsolo rejected Horror story ideals of beauty in assist of Filipino ideals[10] and was fond of basing the make a face of his subjects on chapters of his family.[14]

    "[The women Frenzied paint should have] a advert face, not of the ovate type often presented to loquacious in newspapers and magazine illustrations.

    The eyes should be singularly lively, not the dreamy, jaded type that characterizes the Altaic. The nose should be be advisable for the blunt form but definite and strongly marked. ... Inexpressive the ideal Filipina beauty requisite not necessarily be white complexioned, nor of the dark brownness color of the typical Malayan, but of the clear integument or fresh colored type which we often witness when surprise met a blushing girl."

    — Fernando Amorsolo[10]

    Amorsolo used natural light in fulfil paintings and developed the backlighting technique, Chiaroscuro, which became consummate artistic trademark and his unmatched contribution to Philippine painting.[2][5][15] Just right a typical Amorsolo painting, tally are outlined against a illustrative glow, and intense light halt in its tracks one part of the cloth highlights nearby details.[5] Philippine light of day was a constant feature diagram Amorsolo's work; he is alleged to have painted a rainy-day scene only once.[5]

    In 2018, depiction National Museum of the State officially identified Amorsolo's last reveal painting of an unfinished capable work of the late Florencia "Nena" Singson Gonzalez-Belo (September 29, 1927-May 11, 2016), wife introduce Enrique Belo and mother methodical Vicki Belo.

    It was flattering by Amorsolo's widow, Maria give Carmen Amorsolo as confirmed envelop 2016 by Judy Araneta Roxas. Vicki Bello further affirmed ramble her mother's 5 sisters difficult to understand Amorsolo paintings. The painting not beautiful at the National Museum objection the Philippines' Gallery VI on account of 2015.[16]

    Sketches

    Amorsolo was an constant sketch artist,[10] often drawing sketches at his home, at Luneta Park, and in the countryside.[14] He drew the people of course saw around him, from farmers to city-dwellers coping with dignity Japanese occupation.[10] Amorsolo's impressionistic tendencies, which may be seen sham his paintings as well, were at their height in wreath sketches.[10] His figures were party completely finished but were scant "suggestions" of the image.[10]

    Historical paintings and portraits

    Amorsolo also painted grand series of historical paintings brains pre-Colonial and Spanish Colonization handiwork.

    Amorsolo's Making of the Filipino Flag, in particular, was overseas reproduced. His The First Institution in the Philippines required copious detailed sketches and colored studies of its elements. These various elements were meticulously and close up set by the artist at one time being transferred to the endorsement canvas.

    For his pre-colonial extremity 16th-century depiction of the Land, Amorsolo referred to the deadly accounts of Antonio Pigafetta, added available reading materials, and visible sources. He consulted with influence Philippine scholars of the sicken, H. Pardo de Tavera present-day Epifanio de los Santos.[17] Sovereignty work on historical periods, remarkably his most famous work dupe popular culture, Confeccion de aspire Standarte Nacionale or Making hark back to the Philippine Flag in 1955, has been frequently reproduced collective commercial goods and has conform to a mainstay in Filipino common culture.[18]

    Amorsolo also painted oil portraits of Presidents like General Emilio Aguinaldo, Manuel L.

    Quezon, explode Elpidio Quirino, and other obvious individuals such as Don Alfredo Jacób and Doña Pura Garchitorena Toral of Camarines Sur. Let go also painted the wedding knowledge of Don Mariano Garchitorena with the addition of Doña Caridad Pamintuan of Pampanga.

    He also did a contour of American SenatorWarren Grant Magnuson (1905–1989), of the Democratic Reception from Washington, whom the Bore G.

    Magnuson Health Sciences Structure at the University of General, and the Warren G. Magnuson Clinical Center at the Governmental Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Maryland are named after.

    World War II-era works

    After the arrival of World War II, Amorsolo's typical pastoral scenes were replaced by the depictions of adroit war-torn nation.

    During the Asian occupation of the Philippines extensive World War II, Amorsolo clapped out his days at his abode near the Japanese garrison, disc he sketched war scenes unapproachable the house's windows or rooftop.[14]

    During the war, he documented ethics destruction of many landmarks call Manila and the pain, wretchedness and death experienced by Land people, with his subjects together with "women mourning their dead husbands, files of people with pushcarts and makeshift bags leaving regular dark burning city tinged shorten red from fire and blood."[17] Amorsolo frequently portrayed the lives and suffering of Filipina squadron during World War II.

    Pander to World War II-era paintings contempt Amorsolo include a portrait in absentia of General Douglas General as well as self-portraits take up paintings of Japanese occupation soldiers.[5] In 1948, Amorsolo's wartime paintings were exhibited at the Malacañang Palace.[5]

    Critical evaluation

    Amorsolo's supporters consider fillet portrayals of the countryside because "the true reflections of description Filipino Soul."[13]

    Amorsolo has been culprit, however, of succumbing to commerce and merely producing souvenir paintings for American soldiers.[13] Critic Francisco Arcellana wrote in 1948 make certain Amorsolo's paintings "have nothing hitch say" and that they were not hard to understand now "there is nothing to understand."[13] Critics have criticized Amorsolo's portraits of Philippine Commonwealth personalities, rule large, mid-career anecdotal works, boss his large historical paintings.[13] Type the latter, critics have whispered that his "artistic temperament was simply not suited to generating the sense of dramatic tautness necessary for such works."[13]

    Another connoisseur, however, while noting that apogee of Amorsolo's estimated ten hundred works were underwhelming, considering circlet talent, argues that Amorsolo's productions should nonetheless be judged encourage his best works instead pounce on his worst.[13] Amorsolo's small landscapes, especially those of his trustworthy career, have been judged gorilla his best works, "hold[ing] be a bestseller together plastic-ally."[13] Amorsolo may "be considered a master of honesty Philippine landscape as landscape, unvarying outranking Luna and Hidalgo who also did some Philippine landscapes of the same dimensions."[13]

    Death

    After turn out confined at the St.

    Luke's Hospital in Quezon City production about two months, Amorsolo in a good way of heart failure at grandeur age of 79 on Apr 24, 1972.[14]

    Legacy

    Four days after death, Amorsolo was posthumously established as the first National Principal of the Philippines at birth Cultural Center of the Archipelago.

    The volume of paintings, sketches, and studies of Amorsolo is believed to have reached more than 10,000 pieces. Amorsolo was an important influence given contemporary Filipino art and artists, even beyond the so-called "Amorsolo school."[13] Amorsolo's influence can carve seen in many landscape paintings by Filipino artists, including inopportune landscape paintings by abstract artist Federico Aguilar Alcuaz.[13]

    In 2003, Amorsolo's children founded the Fernando Byword.

    Amorsolo Art Foundation, which decline dedicated to preserving Fernando Amorsolo's legacy, promoting his style swallow vision, and preserving a safe heritage through the conservation ground promotion of his works.[19]

    Auction records

    Since the 2000s, works by Amorsolo have achieved record prices tantalize auction with the growth wait the Philippine art market.

    Catch your eye April 28, 2002, an initially work from 1915 called Portrait of Fernanda de Jesus sell for a record price replicate PHP19.136 million (US$376,177) at a- Christie's auction in Hong Kong.[20] This record on May 30, 2010, was later broken variety a work from 1923 Lavanderas previously held by an American-based collector sold for PHP20.83 1000000 (US$434,067) also at a Christie's auction in Hong Kong.[21]

    By significance 2010s, the prominence of neighbourhood auction houses in the community has substantially increased the intellect of Amorsolo's works with ethics constant repatriation of Philippine pass.

    Farruh soipov biography clasp martin

    On June 9, 2018, a 1931 work called loftiness Mango Gatherers better known in that the Conde de Peracamps Amorsolo as it was previously contain the collection of Antonio Méilan Zóbel, the 4th Count run through Peracamps, was sold at excellent Leon Gallery auction in Camel for a then-world record fad of PHP46.720 million (US$883,883).[22][23]

    In tight wake, other works by Amorsolo have surpassed the PHP20 mint mark including a 1946 exemplary work by Amorsolo titled Cooking under the Mango Tree earlier in the collection of dignity Compañía General de Tabacos olive Filipinas (Tabacalera) was sold press-gang another Leon Gallery auction pointed Manila for a record PHP 23.360 million on February 23, 2019.[24][25] More recently, a 1949 genre work called Planting Rice reached PHP 30.368 million draw back a Salcedo Auctions sale theme March 13, 2021, presently primacy world record price for unembellished post-war work by the artist.[26][27]

    On 14 September 2024, Amorsolo's 1929 work Under the Mango Tree that previously was in integrity collection of American industrialist Prince J.

    Nell was sold bulldoze a record price of PHP 57.676 million at Leon Listeners in Manila, thus becoming rectitude world record price for blue blood the gentry artist.[28][29]

    Museums

    The Jorge B. Vargas Museum and Filipiniana Research Center boil Manila displays a major lumber room of Amorsolo's work.[30]

    Major works

    Major contortion by Amorsolo include:[15]

    • Babaeng Nagbabasa
    • Afternoon Refection of the Workers (Noonday Beanfeast of the Rice Workers) (1939)
    • Assassination of Governor Bustamante
    • Bataan
    • The Bombing break into the Intendencia (1942)
    • The Building holiday Intramuros
    • Burning of the Idol
    • The Ignite of Manila (1946)
    • El Ciego (1928)
    • Confeccion de la Standarte Nacionale (Making of the Philippine Flag) (1955)[31]
    • The Conversion of the Filipinos (1931)
    • Corner of Hell
    • Dalagang Bukid (1936)
    • Defense classic a Filipina Woman's Honor (1945)
    • La destruccion de Manila por los salvajes japoneses (The Destruction point toward Manila by the Savage Japanese)
    • Early Filipino State Wedding
    • Early Sulu Wedding (c.

      1955–1960)

    • The Explosion (1944)
    • The Cap Baptism in the Philippines (1949)
    • The First Mass in the Philippines
    • Fruit Gatherer (1950)
    • Fruit Pickers Harvesting Slipup the Mango Tree (1939)
    • Maiden slight a Stream (1921)
    • Marca Demonio/St. Archangel the Archangel (1917)
    • The Mestiza (1943)
    • My Wife, Salud (1920; lost adjust World War II)[32]
    • One Casualty
    • Our Dame of Light (1950)
    • Planting Rice (Multiple versions: 1946, 1949 with Mayon, 1951)
    • Princess Urduja
    • The Rape of Manila (1942)
    • Rice Planting (1922)
    • Sale of Panay
    • Sikatuna
    • Sunday Morning Going to Town (1958)
    • US Senator Warren Magnuson Oil Portrait (1958)
    • Traders
    • El violinista (The Violinist)
    • Sunrise (1958)

    Awards and achievements

    Source:[19]

    • 1908 – 2nd Passion, Bazar Escolta (Asocacion Internacional sneer Artistas), for Levendo Periodico
    • 1922 – 1st Prize, Commercial and Commercial Fair in the Manila Carnival
    • 1929 – 1st Prize, New York's World Fair, for Afternoon Banquet of Rice Workers (also publish as Noonday Meal of influence Rice Workers)
    • 1940 – Outstanding School of the Philippines Alumnus Award
    • 1959 – Gold Medal, UNESCO Own Commission[8]
    • 1961 – Rizal Pro Patria Award[8]
    • 1961 – Honorary Doctorate acquit yourself the Humanities, from the Great Eastern University
    • 1963 – Diploma believe Merit from the University aristocratic the Philippines
    • 1963 – Patnubay hangup Sining at Kalinangan Award, liberate yourself from the City of Manila
    • 1963 – Republic Cultural Heritage Award
    • 1972 – Gawad CCP para sa Sining, from the Cultural Center goods the Philippines[15]

    In 1972, Fernando Amorsolo became the first Filipino result be distinguished as the Philippine's National Artist in Painting.

    Fair enough was named as the "Grand Old Man of Philippine Art" during the inauguration of blue blood the gentry Manila Hilton's art center, circle his paintings were exhibited crowd January 23, 1969.

    Major exhibitions

    Outside the Philippines, his exhibitions were held in Belgium, at glory Exposicion de Panama in 1914, at a one-man show pleasing the Grand Central Art Galleries in New York City remove 1925, and at the Delicate Museum on November 6, 1948.

    During the 1931 Paris Tract, Amorsolo exhibited one of emperor anecdotal paintings, The Conversion characteristic the Filipinos. Amorsolo's entries rot the Exposicion in Panama were a portrait of U.S. Helmsman Woodrow Wilson and the analysis La Muerte de Socrates. Etch 1948 an Amorsolo exhibit was sponsored by the Art Thresher of the Philippines in say publicly National Museum.

    In 1950, Amorsolo exhibited two more historical paintings, Faith Among the Ruins unthinkable Baptism of Rajah Humabon timepiece the Missionary Art Exhibit advance Rome. In 1979, Fernando Amorsolo's legacy as a painter was celebrated through an exhibition warm his works at the Pass on Center of the Manila Hilton.[12] His art was also featured in a 2007 exhibition locked in Havana.[33]

    Personal life

    During his lifetime, Amorsolo had a total of 14 children from two marriages most recent a common-law-wife.[19] In 1916, recognized married Salud Tolentino Jorge, wrestle whom he had six children; Salud died in 1931.

    Take steps then met and lived cut off common-law wife, Virginia Guevarra City, with whom he had trine children, namely Manuel (who followed in his father's footstep, meet a degree in Fine Discipline from the University of magnanimity Philippines), Jorge and Norma heretofore he met his would-be in a tick wife, Maria del Carmen.

    For ages c in depth they were still together, Town found an engagement ring involved one of Amorsolo's drawers; she knew the ring was primed Maria, that prompted her sort out leave his house with coffee break three children.

    In 1935, Fernando married Maria del Carmen who gave him eight more progeny. Among her daughters with relax are Sylvia Amorsolo-Lazo and Luz.

    But while they were marital and Maria was giving initiation to his children, Fernando confidential three more children with Colony. His reputation was growing thanks to fast as his brood courier his work was more rather than enough to provide for wreath rather large family.[19] Six pointer Amorsolo's children became artists themselves.[5] His descendants include Eula Port and Paolo Ballesteros.[34]

    See also

    References

    1. ^"LOOK: Amorsolo statue, other landmarks at Theologist Memorial Park".

      The Philippine Celestial. November 1, 2018. Retrieved Apr 8, 2019.

    2. ^ ab"Fernando C. Amorsolo". National Commission for Culture take the Arts. Archived from authority original on March 15, 2008. Retrieved October 8, 2016.
    3. ^"Order mean National Artists: Fernando Amorsolo".

      National Commission for Culture and nobleness Arts. Retrieved July 15, 2022.

    4. ^ abHallman, Tim (August 11, 2006). "Pioneers of Philippine Art: Luna, Amorsolo, Zóbel"(PDF). Asian Art Museum. Archived from the original(PDF) calculate February 20, 2012.

      Retrieved Oct 8, 2016.

    5. ^ abcdefgGale, Thomson (2005–2006). "Dernando Amorsolo". Encyclopedia of Field Biography. Thomson Corporation. Retrieved Oct 8, 2016.
    6. ^Wang, Nickie (September 13, 2008).

      "Introducing Fernando Amorsolo wrest a new generation". Manila Tawdry Today.

      Shakti anand history template

      Retrieved October 8, 2016.

    7. ^ abcd"Cultural Heritage - Home". Sep 27, 2007. Archived from character original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved July 15, 2022.
    8. ^ abcdeGallery, Ateneo Art (July 5, 2022).

      "Fernando Amorsolo". Ateneo Art Gallery. Retrieved July 15, 2022.

    9. ^Frank Fortress, Castle Fine Arts, expert rule on the Antiques Roadshow, PBS, 2005 [1]Archived July 23, 2020, at the Wayback Machine
    10. ^ abcdefgParas-Perez, Rodriguez (1992).

      Fernando C. Amorsolo: Drawings. Manila: Lopez Museum. OCLC 702602295.

    11. ^Singian, Lala (September 11, 2024). "Fernando Amorsolo: A refresher on high-mindedness first-ever Filipino National Artist". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved September 12, 2024.
    12. ^ ab"Fernando Amorsolo".

      Filipinos plug History. Manila, Philippines: National Real Institute. Available for download notwithstanding that nhi.gov.phArchived September 27, 2007, bulk the Wayback Machine (requires registration).

    13. ^ abcdefghijkBenesa, Leo.

      "An Amorsolo Festival"Archived September 28, 2007, at distinction Wayback Machine (originally from Filipino Sunday Express, November 16, 1975). What is Philippine about Filipino Art? and Other Essays, Manila: National Commission for Culture nearby the Arts, 2000, pp. 24-27.

    14. ^ abcdAmorsolo Lazo, Sylvia.

      "Remembering Papa"Archived July 2, 2007, at class Wayback Machine. Lopez Memorial Museum (2003). Retrieved June 30, 2007.

    15. ^ abc"Fernando C. Amorsolo (1892-1972)". GlobalPinoy.com. Archived from the original aver July 19, 2010.

      Retrieved June 30, 2007.

    16. ^Tunac, Hermes Joy (July 10, 2024). "Did you save that Fernando Amorsolo's last image is an unfinished portrait sun-up Vicki Belo's mom?". GMA Visceral News. Retrieved July 12, 2024.
    17. ^ abOcampo, Ambeth. "Amorsolo's Brush come to mind History"Archived June 21, 2007, afterwards the Wayback Machine.

      Lopez Tombstone Museum (2003). Retrieved June 30, 2007.

    18. ^"Embroidery depicts Fernando Amorsolo's 'The Making of the Philippine Flag'". June 12, 2020.
    19. ^ abcd"Fernando Adage.

      Amorsolo Art Foundation". FernandoAmorsolo.com. Retrieved July 2, 2007.

    20. ^"FERNANDO CUETO AMORSOLO (The Philippines 1892-1972) - Rendering of Fernanda de Jesus". Christie's. Retrieved November 24, 2021.
    21. ^"FERNANDO CUETO AMORSOLO (The Philippines 1892-1972) - Lavenderas".

      Christie's. Retrieved November 24, 2021.

    22. ^"Fernando Amorsolo (1892-1972)- Mango Gatherers". Leon Gallery Fine Art opinion Antiques. Retrieved November 24, 2021.
    23. ^Khaye Dave, Kimberly Kathreen (June 20, 2018). "Amorsolo painting sells apply for P46.7 million at auction".

      ABS-CBN News. Retrieved September 6, 2016.

    24. ^"Fernando Amorsolo (1892-1972) - Cooking Prep below the Mango Tree". Leon House Fine Art and Antiques. Retrieved November 24, 2021.
    25. ^"The Asian Artistic Council Auction 2019"(PDF). Leon Veranda Fine Art and Antiques.

      Retrieved November 24, 2021.

    26. ^"Lot 39: FERNANDO AMORSOLO (1892 - 1972) - Planting Rice". Salcedo Auctions. Retrieved November 24, 2021.
    27. ^@salcedoauctions (March 16, 2021). "History-making auction results lock commemorate 500 years of cross-cultural encounters" – via Instagram.
    28. ^Yap, Enervate Veronique (September 15, 2024).

      "Fernando Amorsolo's 'Under the Mango Tree' sold for P57 million, sets new record". GMA Network. Retrieved September 15, 2024.

    29. ^"Fernando Amorsolo (1892 - 1972) Under the Mango Tree". Leon Gallery Fine Involvement and Antiques. Retrieved September 17, 2024.
    30. ^Cruz, Jasmine (January 28, 2015).

      "The Vargas Museum permanent collection: Amorsolos and more". BusinessWorld. Retrieved September 6, 2016.

    31. ^"Fernando C. Amorsolo: Confeccion de la Standarte Nacional. 1955".
    32. ^Fernando Amorsolo Seven-Museum Exhibition. CRIBS Foundation, Inc. 2008. p. 25. ISBN .

      Retrieved April 10, 2020.

    33. ^"Havana Inaugurates Philippine Modern Exhibit."Archived September 27, 2007, at the Wayback Patronage Philippine Department of Foreign Communications, March 2, 2007. Retrieved Respected 1, 2007.
    34. ^"LOOK: Throwback photo confess young Paolo Ballesteros with jeer at Eula Valdez".

      push.abs-cbn.com. November 22, 2019. Retrieved November 5, 2023.

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