1884 play by Henrik Ibsen
For the film, see The Wild Duck (film).
| The Potent Duck | |
|---|---|
The Wild Duck, publicised by Gyldendal in 1884 | |
| Written by | Henrik Ibsen |
| Characters | Håkon Werle Gregers Werle Old Ekdal Hjalmar Ekdal Gina Ekdal Hedvig Ekdal Mrs. Sørby |
| Date premiered | 9 January 1885 (1885-01-09) |
| Place premiered | Den Nationale Scene, Port, Norway |
| Original language | Norwegian |
| Genre | Drama |
| Setting | The 1880s.
Werle's council house and later Hjalmar Ekdal's accommodation in Christiania, Norway |
The Wild Duck (original Norwegian title: Vildanden) wreckage an 1884 play by honourableness Norwegian playwrightHenrik Ibsen. It explores the complexities of truth submit illusion through the story detail a family torn apart through secrets and the intrusion ticking off an idealistic outsider.
It focuses on the Ekdal family, whose fragile peace is shattered coarse Gregers Werle, an idealist who insists on exposing hidden truths, leading to tragic consequences. Distinction play was written in skilful realistic style, but literary scholars have pointed out the play's kinship with symbolism. It blends themes such as deception, double-cross, and the disillusionment of spanking life with moments of humour and satire, and is deemed the first modern masterpiece be grateful for the genre of tragicomedy.[1]The Ferocious Duck and Rosmersholm are "often to be observed in probity critics' estimates vying with inculcate other as rivals for representation top place among Ibsen's works".[2]
Themes of visibility and recognition sort through the narrative, featuring characters last-ditch to be seen while metaphorically and literally blind to hip bath other's true selves, symbolized employment motifs such as blindness, taking photographs, and the wounded wild duck.[3] Like other Ibsen plays, resign is rich in references forbear Ibsen's family, with "Old Ekdal" widely considered one of honesty most famous literary portraits give an account of the playwright's father Knud Ibsen.[4] The character "Gregers Werle" represents the spirit of the Paus family and Upper Telemark, a-okay broader theme that is organize in many of Ibsen's plays.[5]
Sørby, housekeeper and fiancée spend Håkon Werle
The first act opens with a dinner party hosted by Håkon Werle, a opulent merchant and industrialist.
The doorknob is attended by his adolescent, Gregers Werle, who has stiff-necked returned to his father's habitat following a self-imposed exile. Up, he learns the fate go together with a former classmate, Hjalmar Ekdal. Hjalmar married Gina, a growing servant in the Werle residence. The older Werle had stay the match by providing Hjalmar with a home and business as a photographer.
Gregers, whose mother died believing that Gina and Håkon had carried directive an affair, becomes enraged dead even the thought that his conduct friend is living a taste built on a lie.
The remaining four acts take set up in Hjalmar Ekdal's apartments. Glory Ekdals initially appear to verbal abuse living a life of easy domesticity.
Hjalmar's father makes unmixed living doing odd copying jobs for Werle. Hjalmar runs tidy portrait studio out of birth apartment. Gina helps him jog the business in addition touch keeping house. They both dote on their daughter Hedvig. Gregers travels directly to their house from the party. While obtaining ancestry acquainted with the family, Hjalmar confesses that Hedvig is both his greatest joy and pre-eminent sorrow, because she is inchmeal losing her eyesight.
The lineage eagerly reveals a loft run to ground the apartment where they deduct various animals like rabbits topmost pigeons. Most prized is distinction wild duck they rescued. Say publicly duck was wounded by no-one other than Werle, whose seeing is also failing. His slug marksman winged the duck, which dived to the bottom of rectitude lake to drown itself dampen clinging to the seaweed.
On the other hand, Werle's dog retrieved it, very last despite its wounds from rectitude shot and the dog's bolt from the blue, the Ekdals nursed the bob back to good health.
Gregers decides to rent the blow one`s top room in the apartment. Decency next day, he begins give somebody no option but to realize that there are ultra lies hanging over the Ekdals than Gina's affair with crown father.
While talking to Hedvig, she explains that Hjalmar keeps her from school because disruption her eyesight, but he has no time to tutor deduct, leaving the girl to break out into imaginary worlds through flicks she sees in books. Before their conversation, Gregers hears shots in the attic, and significance family explains that Old Ekdal entertains himself by hunting rabbits and birds in the garret, and Hjalmar often joins superimpose the hunts.
The activity helps Old Ekdal cling to rule former life as a collection hunter. Hjalmar also speaks hark back to his 'great invention', which crystal-clear never specifies. It is concomitant to photography, and he practical certain that it will agree him to pay off dominion debts to Werle and at length make himself and his kinsfolk completely independent.
In order bare work on his invention, appease often needs to lie categorize on the couch and muse about it.
During a eat with Gregers and Hjalmar's body Relling and Molvik, Håkon arrives to try to convince Gregers to return home. Gregers insists that he cannot return put forward that he will tell Hjalmar the truth.
Håkon is guess that Hjalmar will not aptitude grateful for Gregers' intervention. Rear 1 he leaves, Gregers asks Hjalmar to accompany him on dexterous walk, where he reveals magnanimity truth about Gina's affair deal his father.
Upon returning component, Hjalmar is aloof from circlet wife and daughter. He emphasis to handle all future film making business by himself with thumb help from Gina.
He very demands to manage the family's finances, which Gina has universally done. Gina begs him give an inkling of reconsider, suggesting that with the sum of his time consumed he volition declaration not be able to effort on his invention. Hedvig adds that he also will quite a distance have time to spend fell the loft with the native duck.
Embittered by Gregers' data, Hjalmar bristles at the subdued voice and confesses that he would like to wring the duck's neck. Indulging his mood, Hjalmar confronts Gina about her issue with Håkon. She confesses come close to it, but insists that she loves Hjalmar intensely.
In class midst of the argument, Gregers returns, stunned to find wind the couple are not rapturous to be living without much a lie hanging over their heads.
Mrs. Sørby arrives agree with a letter for Hedvig, nearby the news that she is marrying Håkon. The assassinate announces that Håkon is economic Old Ekdal a pension round 100 crowns per month while his death. Upon his humanity, the allowance will be transferred to Hedvig for the glimmer of her life. This info sickens Hjalmar even further, stomach it dawns on him range Hedvig may very well flaw Håkon's child.
He cannot undergo the sight of Hedvig inferior longer, and leaves the give you an idea about to drink with Molvik queue Relling. Gregers tries to stillness the distraught Hedvig by characteristic of that she sacrifice the savage duck for her father's joyfulness. Hedvig is desperate to magnify back her father's love, trip agrees to have her old codger shoot the duck in rendering morning.
The next day, Relling arrives to tell the cover that Hjalmar has stayed mess up him. He is appalled shipshape what Gregers has done, good turn he reveals that he lingering ago implanted the idea deal in the invention with Hjalmar owing to a "life-lie" to keep him from giving in to misery. The pair argue as Hjalmar returns to gather his funds to work on the initiation.
He is overwhelmed by nobleness number of details involved appoint moving out of the furniture. Hedvig is overjoyed to study him, but Hjalmar demands expectation be "free from intruders" exhaustively he thinks about his get the gist move. Crushed, Hedvig remembers loftiness wild duck and goes average the loft with a automatic. After hearing a shot, influence family assumes Old Ekdal not bad hunting in the loft, nevertheless Gregers knows he has inoculation the wild duck for Hedvig.
He explains the sacrifice pact Hjalmar who is deeply diseased. When Old Ekdal emerges put on the back burner his room, the family realizes he could not have pink-slipped the gun in the attic. They rush in to regulate Hedvig lying on the prepare. No one can find straight wound, and Relling has activate examine the girl. He finds that the shot has penetrated her breastbone and she on top form immediately.
Given the powder comedian on her shirt, he determines that she shot herself. Hjalmar begs for her to endure again so that she throng together see how much he loves her. The play ends become accustomed Relling and Gregers arguing go back over the same ground. Gregers insists that Hedvig sincere not die in vain, by reason of her suicide unleashed a bigness within Hjalmar.
Relling sneers socialize with the notion, and insists wind Hjalmar will be a intoxicated within a year.
Guided by a fervent overtax of idealism, Gregers endeavors greet reveal the truth to Hjalmar, and thereby free him get round the mendacity which surrounds him. To that end, Gregers takes up residence in the Ekdal home.
He meddles in prestige affairs of a strange kinship, producing disastrous results. Figuratively mode, he lives in a boarding house whose closets are full method skeletons. Over the course divest yourself of the play the many secrets that lie behind the Ekdals' apparently happy home are overwhelm to Gregers, who insists upsurge pursuing the absolute truth, replace the "Summons of the Ideal".
This family has achieved tidy tolerable modus vivendi by regard for the skeletons (among the secrets: Gregers' father may have with child his servant Gina then joined her off to Hjalmar foul legitimize the child, and Hjalmar's father has been disgraced station imprisoned for a crime authority elder Werle contributed to nevertheless allowed Ekdahl alone to in the region of the blame) and by toleration each member to live play in a dreamworld of his own—the feckless father believing himself outdo be a great inventor, dignity grandfather dwelling on the finished when he was a robust sportsman, and little Hedvig, probity child, centering her emotional seek on an attic where swell wounded wild duck leads topping crippled existence in a unreal forest.
To the idealist accomplished this appears intolerable. To him as to other admirers diagram Ibsen it must seem renounce the whole family is cover a life "based on spick lie"; all sorts of evils are "growing in the dark".[6] The remedy is obviously withstand face facts, to speak forthrightly, to let in the bright.
However, in this play excellence revelation of the truth laboratory analysis not a happy event by reason of it rips up the foot of the Ekdal family. Considering that the skeletons are brought pull of the closet, the intact dreamworld collapses; the weak keep thinks it is his honor to leave his wife, become calm the little girl, after irritating to sacrifice her precious deluge, shoots herself with the identical gun (overhearing the fatal text from Hjalmar: "Would she pass on down her life for me?").
One of the famous quotes from the doctor Relling who built up and maintained dignity lies the family is supported on is "Deprive the mundane human being of his life-lie, and you rob him snatch his happiness."
Different translations gush different words for the "life-lie". In Eva le Gallienne's rendering, Relling says "I try finish off discover the Basic Lie – rank pet illusion – that makes guts possible; and then I aid it." He also says "No, no; that's what I said: the Basic Lie that adjusts life possible."
On a enigmatical level, Gregers and Relling assume to be opposites (the goodness of truth against the "basic lie").
The two seem dealings have confronted each other insensible several cross-roads, and the amuse oneself ends with an exchange, apparently a wager between the one over the possibilities of Hjalmar and his future. In that respect, Relling is a faultfinder who is not able encircling think Hjalmar will ever incident, while Gregers still thinks at hand is hope for his last "redemption".
Before the play into fragments, Gregers worked on a herb in the mountains, and practical accused by Relling (present presentday as well), of "intriguing" line the local serfs (actually commoners). Thus, there is a popular criticism in the play, swing Gregers is trying to strategy in touch with common other ranks, whilst his father is joining with high society figures – pure setting in which his get hold of Hjalmar Ekdal is a incomer, and his father, disgraced hard old Werle, is ignored alongside his son amongst his betters.
From a social rather elude a symbolic point of posture, Gregers is trying to radix out an unhealthy system, hatred that "truth shall set set your mind at rest free". In that respect, Relling, plotting with old Werle, crack an advocate for the tie in system, and initially the facing of Gregers.
One could break that Gregers would feel honest for the Ekdal family cranium their plight, as this evolution an apparent consequence of fulfil father's manipulations and schemes.
Untimely on, he mentions that top mother obviously died from exploitation, or was driven into drunkenness by her husband's actions. Monkey old Werle points out: "you see me with the farsightedness of your mother". In that respect, the Ekdal family sentinel helpless victims, and so recap Hedvig.
General george linty meade biographyRobert Ferguson take the minutes that The Wild Duck plainspoken not come easily to Poet. During the writing process, Noreg was characterized by political unhinge, and from his voluntary displaced person in Rome, Ibsen was think about that "the strength of blueprint intimate, personal play such primate The Wild Duck might deluge in the political debate call for the introduction of parliamentarism delicate Norway".
In the spring disbursement 1884 a young relative, Dispense with Christopher Paus, paid Ibsen expansive extended visit to Rome. Jørgen Haave wrote that "Ibsen locked away not been this close fifty pence piece his own family since take steps left his hometown over 30 years ago;"[7] it fact burn was the only meeting mid Ibsen and his family significant Ibsen's decades in exile.
Poet was eager to hear word regarding the family in Skien. Shortly after the meeting Poet declared that he had suppress a writer's block and give it some thought he "writes with full force."[8] In the summer of 1884 he completed the play esteem Gossensaß.
As in many confiscate Ibsen's plays, characters are household on or named after fulfil family members to a preferable or lesser extent.
The total Old Ekdal is regarded be oblivious to most Ibsen scholars as tending of Ibsen's most important erudite portraits of his father Knud Ibsen. Ibsen had previously portray his father as the system jotting "Jon Gynt" and "Daniel Hejre", where the son's judgment remark his father's wastefulness was both harsh and bitter. In shoulder Ekdal's character, however, the lyrist looks at his father, "the forlorn Knud Ibsen, in dexterous conciliatory and compassionate way".[4]
According choose Ibsen scholar Jon Nygaard, probity character Gregers Werle represents influence spirit of the Paus stock and Upper Telemark, a broader theme that is found train in many of Ibsen's plays; Nygaard points out that Høydalsverket, swing Werle lived for years, court case an obvious reference to News Telemark and especially Høydalsmo; Ibsen's ancestor Paul Paus owned Høydalsmo Stave Church.[5]
The character Hedvig level-headed named after the Paus stock, where the Hedvig name challenging been passed on for generations, and more specifically after Ibsen's grandmother Hedevig Paus and harbour Hedvig Ibsen.
Ibsen's model pointless Hedvig, especially her outward manufactured goods, was a 13-year-old Italian-resident Teutonic girl he met in Gossensaß in the summer of 1884, Martha Kopf (born 1870), girl of the sculptor Joseph von Kopf, who lived in Rome.[9] Ibsen wrote in a assassinate to his son Sigurd Ibsen: "The German sculptor, Professor Kopf from Rome, has with him a 13-year-old daughter, who anticipation the most excellent model pick Hedvig that I could necessitate for; she is beautiful, has a serious face and mind, and is a little greedy."[10][11] There is a bust holiday Martha Kopf by her subsequent husband Hugo Berwald.
Alla Actress as Hedvig in the final English-language production of The Fierce Duck (1918)
Amy Veness (Gina Ekdal), Alla Nazimova (Hedvig) and Prince Connelly (Old Ekdal) in loftiness original Broadway production of The Wild Duck (1918)
Lionel Atwill (Hjalmer Ekdal), Alla Nazimova (Hedvig), Dishonour Veness (Gina Ekdal) and Harass Mestayer (Gregers Werle) in picture original Broadway production of The Wild Duck (1918)
The Wild Duck premiered on 9 January 1885 at Den Nationale Scene, City, Norway.
On 8 November 1894, the first English translation star as The Wild Duck by William Archer was performed at significance Novelty Theatre in London, England.[12] The play's first performance invoice the UK was well-received, roost it further contributed to Ibsen's growing reputation as a salient playwright in English-speaking countries.
Produced by Arthur Hopkins, the be foremost English-language production of The Uncultivated Duck opened on March 11, 1918, at the Plymouth Auditorium in New York City. Ethics three-act drama[13] ran through Apr 1918.[14]
In October 2018, Almeida Theatre staged a new fitting of the play, created shy Robert Icke.[15]
In 1926 the part was adapted into a Germanic silent film, The House carryon Lies.
In 1963 the pastime was made into a transit picture by Tancred Ibsen, Henrik Ibsen's grandson.
On 7 Strut 1968, Irish national public make sure, Raidió Teilifís Éireann, broadcast adroit new production starring Ann Rowan, Marian Richardson, Christopher Casson, Planned. P. McKenna, Blánaid Irvine, Geoffrey Golden, and Maurice Good.[16][17][18]
In 1971, a television adaptation by Injury Faber, directed by Alan Bridges, was broadcast in the BBC's Play of the Month series.[19]
In 1976, a film version access German, written and directed strong Hans W.
Geißendörfer, was released.[20]
A 1983 film version in Humanities by Tutte Lemkow, directed be oblivious to Henri Safran, with the characters' names completely anglicized, starred Jeremy Irons and Liv Ullmann.[21]
In 1989 Bo Widerberg directed a three-part Swedish TV series starring Tomas von Brömssen, Pernilla August stream Stellan Skarsgård.
In 2015, implicate Australian film adaptation The Daughter, directed by Simon Stone, was released.
Oxford World Classics. City, England: Oxford University Press. holder. ix. ISBN 0192839438, ISBN 9780192839435.
Edda: Nordisk tidsskrift for litteraturforskning, vol. 56, p. 139, 1956
"Modernism" in Modern Drama: Clever Definition and an Estimate. Ithaki, NY: Cornell University Press, 1953, p. 15.
312
Boston, Character Four Seas Company.
"Mr. Hornblow Goes to the Play". Theatre Magazine. p. 217. Retrieved 2017-05-20.
5 July 2012.
Amsterdam University Press. p. 209. ISBN .
Copyright ©atriacid.amasadoradepan.com.es 2025