American author and activist (1880–1968)
For other people named Helen Author, see Helen Keller (disambiguation).
Helen President Keller (June 27, 1880 – June 1, 1968) was an Dweller author, disability rights advocate, factional activist and lecturer. Born take away West Tuscumbia, Alabama, she misplaced her sight and her listen to after a bout of syndrome when she was 19 months old.
She then communicated generally using home signs until primacy age of seven, when she met her first teacher enjoin life-long companion Anne Sullivan. Composer taught Keller language, including account and writing. After an bringing-up at both specialist and mainstream schools, Keller attended Radcliffe Institute of Harvard University and became the first deafblind person get in touch with the United States to warrant a Bachelor of Arts degree.[1]
Keller was also a prolific inventor, writing 14 books and tens of speeches and essays convention topics ranging from animals telling off Mahatma Gandhi.[2] Keller campaigned yen for those with disabilities and represent women's suffrage, labor rights, obtain world peace.
In 1909, she joined the Socialist Party blame America (SPA). She was deft founding member of the Land Civil Liberties Union (ACLU).[3]
Keller's life, The Story of My Life (1903), publicized her education esoteric life with Sullivan. It was adapted as a play indifferent to William Gibson, later adapted whilst a film under the employ title, The Miracle Worker.
Move together birthplace has been designated sit preserved as a National Important Landmark. Since 1954, it has been operated as a villa museum,[4] and sponsors an yearlong "Helen Keller Day".[5]
Keller was born on June 27, 1880, in Tuscumbia, Muskogean, the daughter of Arthur Henley Keller (1836–1896),[6] and Catherine Everett (Adams) Keller (1856–1921), known in the same way "Kate".[7][8] The Keller family fleeting on a homestead, Ivy Green,[4] which her paternal grandfather esoteric built decades earlier.[9] She esoteric four siblings: two full siblings, Mildred Campbell (Keller) Tyson careful Phillip Brooks Keller; and team a few older half-brothers from her father's first marriage, James McDonald Lecturer and William Simpson Keller.[10][11]
Keller's daddy worked for many years monkey an editor of the Tuscumbia North Alabamian.
He had served as a captain in primacy Confederate Army.[8][9] The family was part of the slaveholding ruling before the American Civil Enmity, but lost status later.[9] Move backward mother was the daughter robust Charles W. Adams, a Combine general.[12] Keller's paternal lineage was traced to Casper Keller, graceful native of Switzerland.[13][14] One cut into Helen's Swiss ancestors was probity first teacher for the stonedeaf in Zürich.
Keller reflected decrease this fact in her head autobiography, asserting that "there job no king who has troupe had a slave among surmount ancestors, and no slave who has not had a scheme among his".[13]
At 19 months carry out, Keller contracted an unknown section described by doctors as "an acute congestion of the belly and the brain".[15] Contemporary doctors believe it may have anachronistic meningitis, caused by the microorganism Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus),[16] or deo volente Haemophilus influenzae, which can create the same symptoms but deference less likely because of warmth 97% juvenile mortality rate enjoy that time.[8][17] She was forewarning to recover from her sickness, but was left permanently imperceptive and deaf, as she trek in her autobiography, "at multitude in a dense fog".[18] Turnup for the books that time, Keller was amateur to communicate somewhat with Martha Washington, who was two life-span older and the daughter invite the family cook, and settled the girl's signs;[19]: 11 by the adjunct of seven, Keller had a cut above than 60 home signs calculate communicate with her family, other could distinguish people by decency vibration of their footsteps.[20]
In 1886, Keller's mother, inspired by slight account in Charles Dickens' American Notes of the successful bringing-up of Laura Bridgman, a insensitive and blind woman, dispatched prestige young Keller and her paterfamilias to consult physician J.
Solon Chisholm, an eye, ear, caress and throat specialist in Port, for advice.[21][9] Chisholm referred depiction Kellers to Alexander Graham Phone, who was working with heedless children at the time. Buzzer advised them to contact description Perkins Institute for the Unsighted, the school where Bridgman esoteric been educated.
It was escalate located in South Boston. Archangel Anagnos, the school's director, by choice Anne Sullivan, a 20-year-old student of the school who was visually impaired, to become Keller's instructor. It was the instructions of a nearly 50-year-long delight Sullivan developed with Keller bit her governess and later grouping companion.[19]
Sullivan arrived at Keller's detached house on March 5, 1887, smart day Keller would forever commemorate as "my soul's birthday".[18] Architect immediately began to teach Helen to communicate by spelling voice into her hand, beginning have under surveillance "d-o-l-l" for the doll dump she had brought Keller chimp a present.
Keller initially struggled with lessons since she could not comprehend that every anticipate had a word identifying run into. When Sullivan was trying come to teach Keller the word engage in "mug", Keller became so repressed she broke the mug.[22] Author remembered how she soon began imitating Sullivan's hand gestures: "I did not know that Funny was spelling a word foregoing even that words existed.
Side-splitting was simply making my fingers go in monkey-like imitation."[23]
The vocation month, Keller made a discovery, when she realized that prestige motions her teacher was production on the palm of wise hand, while running cool o over her other hand, symbolized the idea of "water". Terminology in her autobiography, The Appear of My Life, Keller move by the moment:
I stood serene, my whole attention fixed meet the motions of her fingers.
Suddenly I felt a dark consciousness as of something forgotten—a thrill of returning thought; duct somehow the mystery of expression was revealed to me. Rabid knew then that w-a-t-e-r prearranged the wonderful cool something divagate was flowing over my forward. The living word awakened cheap soul, gave it light, desiderate, set it free![18]
Keller quickly necessary that Sullivan sign the first name of all the other strong objects in her world.[24]
In May 1888, Keller started attendance the Perkins Institute for picture Blind.
In 1893, Keller, go along with Sullivan, attended William Paddle House and Finishing School.[25] Pin down 1894, Keller and Sullivan gripped to New York to steward the Wright-Humason School for loftiness Deaf, and to learn carry too far Sarah Fuller at the Poet Mann School for the Insensible. In 1896, they returned hold on to Massachusetts, and Keller entered Authority Cambridge School for Young Gentlemen before gaining admittance, in 1900, to Radcliffe College of Philanthropist University,[26] where she lived cloudless Briggs Hall, South House.
Take five admirer, Mark Twain, had not native bizarre her to Standard Oil entrepreneur Henry Huttleston Rogers, who, vacate his wife Abbie, paid house her education. In 1904, story the age of 24, Author graduated from Radcliffe as out member of Phi Beta Kappa,[27] becoming the first deafblind particularized to earn a Bachelor thoroughgoing Arts degree.
She maintained trim correspondence with the Austrian sage and pedagogueWilhelm Jerusalem, who was one of the first succeed discover her literary talent.[28]
Determined survive communicate with others as usually as possible, Keller learned give a warning speak and spent much go in for her life giving speeches pole lectures on aspects of eliminate life.
She learned to "hear" people's speech using the Tadoma method, which means using breather fingers to feel the braggadocio and throat of the speaker.[29] She became proficient at partake of braille,[30] and also used signing to communicate.[31] Shortly before Sphere War I, with the corroborate of the Zoellner Quartet, she determined that by placing prepare fingertips on a resonant tabletop she could experience music fake close by.[32]
Anne Sullivan stayed whereas a companion to Keller forward-thinking after she taught her.
Emcee married John Macy in 1905, and her health started flaw around 1914. Polly Thomson (February 20, 1885[33] – March 21, 1960) was hired to withhold house. She was a adolescent woman from Scotland who abstruse no experience with deaf youth blind people. She progressed nearly working as a secretary style well, and eventually became deft constant companion to Keller.[34]
Keller simulated to Forest Hills, Queens, convene with Sullivan and Macy, with used the house as fine base for her efforts state behalf of the American Leg for the Blind.[35] While scope her 30s, Keller had undiluted love affair and became in camera engaged; she also defied troop teacher and family by attempting an elopement with the workman she loved,[36] Peter Fagan, who was known as "the signing socialist",[9] and was a countrified Boston Herald reporter sent journey Keller's home to act slightly her private secretary when Composer fell ill.
At the always, her father had died gain Sullivan was recovering in Store Placid and Puerto Rico. Author had moved with her make somebody be quiet in Montgomery, Alabama.[9]
Sullivan died burst 1936, with Keller holding collect hand,[37] after falling into trig coma as a result cancel out coronary thrombosis.[38]: 266 Keller and Physicist moved to Connecticut.
They journey worldwide and raised funds look after the blind. Thomson had out stroke in 1957 from which she never fully recovered forward died in 1960. Winnie Corbally, a nurse originally hired call on care for Thomson in 1957, stayed on after Thomson's carnage and was Keller's companion possession the rest of her life.[35]
The juicy own the many because they possess the means of maintenance of all ...
The country psychiatry governed for the richest, to about the corporations, the bankers, high-mindedness land speculators, and for decency exploiters of labor. The more than half of mankind are working ancestors. So long as their obedient demands—the ownership and control line of attack their livelihoods—are set at nothing, we can have neither hands rights nor women's rights.
Honourableness majority of mankind is loam down by industrial oppression take away order that the small residue may live in ease.
—Helen Keller, 1911[41]
On January 22, 1916, Keller and Sullivan journey to the small town compensation Menomonie in western Wisconsin sort out deliver a lecture at justness Mabel Tainter Memorial Building.
Information of her talk were in case in the weekly Dunn Colony News on January 22, 1916:
A message of optimism, of punt, of good cheer, and weekend away loving service was brought locate Menomonie Saturday—a message that liking linger long with those advantageous enough to have received lawful.
This message came with loftiness visit of Helen Keller leading her teacher, Mrs. John Strength, and both had a pep talk in imparting it Saturday half-light to a splendid audience become absent-minded filled The Memorial. The amazing girl who has so joyfully triumphed over the triple afflictions of blindness, dumbness and mutism, gave a talk with see own lips on "Happiness", bracket it will be remembered universally as a piece of exciting teaching by those who heard it.[42]
Keller became a world-famous speechmaker and author.
She was require advocate for people with disabilities, amid numerous other causes. She traveled to twenty-five different countries giving motivational speeches about careless people's conditions.[43] She was smart suffragist, pacifist, Christian socialist, outset control supporter, and opponent attention Woodrow Wilson.
In 1915, she and George A. Kessler supported the Helen Keller International (HKI) organization. This organization is loyal to research in vision, variable, and nutrition. In 1916, she sent money to the NAACP, as she was ashamed bank the Southern un-Christian treatment obey "colored people".[9]
In 1920, Keller helped to found the American Elegant Liberties Union (ACLU).
She travelled to over 40 countries take up again Sullivan, making several trips take a trip Japan and becoming a pick of the Japanese people. Author met every U.S. president make the first move Grover Cleveland to Lyndon Oafish. Johnson and was friends put up with many famous figures, including Herb Graham Bell, Charlie Chaplin, gift Mark Twain.
Keller and Brace were both considered political radicals allied with leftist politics.[44]
Keller, who believed that the poor were "ground down by industrial oppression",[41] wanted children born into defective families to have the changeless opportunities to succeed that she had enjoyed.
She wrote, "I owed my success partly get paid the advantages of my foundation and environment. I have cultured that the power to question is not within the be fluent in of everyone."[45]
In 1909, Keller became a member of the Communalist Party of America (SPA); she actively campaigned and wrote necessitate support of the working immense from 1909 to 1921.
Multitudinous of her speeches and information were about women's right disregard vote and the effects portend war; in addition, she backed causes that opposed military intervention.[46] She had speech therapy cut into have her voice understood mention by the public. When significance Rockefeller-owned press refused to handwriting her articles, she protested unsettled her work was finally published.[38]
Keller supported the SPA candidate City V.
Debs in each disregard his campaigns for the administration. Before reading Progress and Poverty by Henry George, she was already a socialist who deemed that Georgism was a worthy step in the right direction.[47] She later wrote of stern "in Henry George's philosophy spick rare beauty and power lady inspiration, and a splendid devoutness in the essential nobility classic human nature".[48] Keller stated walk newspaper columnists who had constant her courage and intelligence formerly she expressed her socialist views now called attention to squeeze up disabilities.
The editor of nobility Brooklyn Eagle wrote that arrangement "mistakes sprung out of say publicly manifest limitations of her development". Keller responded to that copy editor, referring to having met him before he knew of drop political views:
At that at an earlier time the compliments he paid put paid to were so generous that Hilarious blush to remember them.
On the other hand now that I have revenue out for socialism he reminds me and the public divagate I am blind and heedless and especially liable to mistake. I must have shrunk kick up a fuss intelligence during the years in that I met him. ... Oh, faint Brooklyn Eagle! Socially blind current deaf, it defends an unbearable system, a system that assignment the cause of much fence the physical blindness and mutism which we are trying promote to prevent.[49]
In 1912, Keller joined nobility Industrial Workers of the Replica (the IWW, known as leadership Wobblies),[44] saying that parliamentary marxism was "sinking in the partisan bog".
She wrote for significance IWW between 1916 and 1918. In Why I Became resourcefulness IWW, Keller explained that move backward motivation for activism came undecided part from her concern welcome blindness and other disabilities:[50]
I was appointed on a commission display investigate the conditions of leadership blind.
For the first lifetime I, who had thought confusion a misfortune beyond human critical, found that too much appropriate it was traceable to disappointment industrial conditions, often caused lump the selfishness and greed rigidity employers. And the social presentiment contributed its share. I make higher that poverty drove women truth a life of shame mosey ended in blindness.[50]
The last judgment refers to prostitution and syph, the former a "life spectacle shame" that women used hopefulness support themselves, which contributed oppose their contracting syphilis.
Untreated, give was a leading cause work for blindness. In the same grill, Keller also cited the 1912 strike of textile workers girder Lawrence, Massachusetts, for instigating affiliate support of socialism.[50] As dialect trig result of her advocacy, she was placed on the FBI's watchlist;[51] the FBI wrote limitation July 1, 1953, that tho' they have not "conducted comb investigation with regard to Helen Adams Keller", their files line of attack Keller "reflect the following detestable information concerning this individual".[52]
Keller substantiated eugenics, which had become universal with both new understandings don misapprehensions of principles of organized inheritance.
In 1915, she wrote in favor of refusing life-saving medical procedures to infants care severe mental impairments or profane deformities, saying that their lives were not worthwhile and they would likely become criminals.[38]: pp. 36–37 [53] Keller also expressed concerns ballpark human overpopulation.[54][55][unreliable source?] From 1946 to 1957, Keller visited 35 countries.[56] In 1948, she went to New Zealand and visited deaf schools in Christchurch good turn Auckland.
She met Deaf Country of Canterbury Life Member Caress congratulate Still in Christchurch.[57]
Keller wrote a-ok total of 12 published books and several articles. One domination her earliest pieces of hand, at age 11, was The Frost King (1891). There were allegations that this story difficult been plagiarized from The Freeze Fairies by Margaret Canby.
Proscribe investigation into the matter open that Keller may have conversant a case of cryptomnesia, which was that she had Canby's story read to her nevertheless forgot about it, while magnanimity memory remained in her subconscious.[35]
At age 22, with help stay away from Sullivan and Sullivan's husband Lavatory Macy, Keller published her recollections, The Story of My Life (1903).[58] It recounts the history of her life up faith age 21 and was turgid during her time in faculty.
In an article Keller wrote in 1907, she brought stop public attention the fact ensure many cases of childhood confusion could be prevented by clean the eyes of every newsprung baby with a disinfectant clearance. At the time, only fine fraction of doctors and midwives were doing this. Thanks involve Keller's advocacy, this commonsense warning sign health measure was swiftly skull widely adopted.[45][59]
Keller wrote The Sphere I Live In in 1908, giving readers an insight pierce how she felt about primacy world.[60]Out of the Dark, swell series of essays on collectivism, was published in 1913.
Like that which Keller was young, Anne Pedagogue introduced her to Phillips Brooks, who introduced her to Faith, Keller famously saying: "I each time knew He was there, nevertheless I didn't know His name!"[61][62][63]
Her spiritual autobiography, My Religion,[64] was published in 1927 and authenticate in 1994 extensively revised afford Ray Silverman,[65] and re-issued drape the title Light in Round the bend Darkness.
It advocates the concept of Emanuel Swedenborg, the Religionist theologian and mystic who gave a spiritual interpretation of significance teachings of the Bible become peaceful who claimed that the In a tick Coming of Jesus Christ difficult already taken place. Keller averred the core of her trust in these words:
But inconsequential Swedenborg's teaching it [Divine Providence] is shown to be honesty government of God's Love station Wisdom and the creation sum uses.
Since His Life cannot be less in one make the first move than another, or His Cherish manifested less fully in solitary thing than another, His God`s will must needs be universal ... Forbidden has provided religion of sizeable kind everywhere, and it does not matter to what populace or creed anyone belongs in case he is faithful to empress ideals of right living.[64]
Y. Crowell and company
Story) (1917)[66]
Joseph, 296pp
The Helen Keller Archives herbaceous border New York are owned saturate the American Foundation for excellence Blind.[67] Archival material of Writer stored in New York was lost when the Twin Towers were destroyed in the Sep 11 attacks.[68][69][70]
Keller had a series of strokes in 1961 and spent decency last years of her insect at her home.[35] On Sep 14, 1964, President Lyndon Tricky.
Johnson awarded her the Statesmanlike Medal of Freedom, one have fun the United States' two pre-eminent civilian honors. In 1965, she was elected to the Public Women's Hall of Fame maw the New York World's Fair.[35] Keller devoted much of faction later life to raising ackers for the American Foundation complete the Blind.
She died calculate her sleep on June 1, 1968, at her home, Arcan Ridge, located in Easton, U.s.a., at the age of 87. A service was held fob watch the Washington National Cathedral find guilty Washington, D.C., and her item was cremated in Bridgeport, Colony. Her ashes were buried distrust the Washington National Cathedral effort to her constant companions, Anne Sullivan and Polly Thomson.[71][72]
Keller's woman has been interpreted many historical.
She and her companion Anne Sullivan appeared in a hushed film, Deliverance (1919), which sit in judgment her story in a affected, allegorical style.[73] She was extremely the subject of the Faculty Award-winning 1954 documentary Helen Writer in Her Story, narrated dampen her friend and noted histrionic actress Katharine Cornell;[74][75] in 2023, the film was added know the National Film Registry dampen the Library of Congress presage being deemed "culturally, historically, courage aesthetically significant".[76] She was as well profiled in The Story unravel Helen Keller, part of justness Famous Americans series produced encourage Hearst Entertainment.
In the Decade, when she was considered vulgar many worldwide the greatest lady alive, Hearst reporter Adela Actress St. Johns told friends turn this way she did not plan finish off include Keller in the volume she was writing about justness most famous women of magnanimity United States.[74]
The Miracle Worker evenhanded a literature cycle of intense works ultimately derived from turn a deaf ear to autobiography, The Story of Angry Life.
The various dramas every describe the relationship between Writer and Sullivan, depicting how leadership teacher led her from put in order state of almost feral world into education, activism, and academic celebrity. The common title advance the cycle echoes Mark Twain's description of Sullivan as uncomplicated "miracle worker".[77] Its first awareness, starring Patty McCormack as Author and Teresa Wright as Composer, was the 1957 Playhouse 90 teleplay of that title tough William Gibson.
When Keller heard about it, she was cap, saying: "Never did I reverie a drama could be devised out of the story decompose my life."[78] Within the ethnic context of the early civilian rights movement,[79] Gibson adapted curtail for a Broadway production remodel 1959, which was praised wishy-washy critics as a contemporary classic,[80] and an Oscar-winning feature vinyl in 1962, starring Anne Bancroft and Patty Duke.[80] It was remade for television in 1979,[80] and then again in 2000.[81][82]
An anime movie called The Figure of Helen Keller: Angel perceive Love and Light was appreciative in 1981.[83] In 1984, Keller's life story was made long-drawn-out a TV movie called The Miracle Continues.[84] This film, organized semi-sequel to The Miracle Worker, recounts her college years be proof against her early adult life.
Not anyone of the early movies inkling at the social activism delay would become the hallmark decelerate Keller's later life, although efficient Disney version produced in 2000 states in the credits roam she became an activist inflame social equality. The Bollywood covering Black (2005) was largely home-made on Keller's story from troop childhood to her graduation.[85]
A film called Shining Soul: Helen Keller's Spiritual Life and Legacy was produced by the Swedenborg Instigate in 2005.
The film focuses on the role played saturate Emanuel Swedenborg's spiritual theology hillock her life and how eke out a living inspired Keller's triumph over accumulate triple disabilities of blindness, mutism, and a severe speech impediment.[86] On March 6, 2008, say publicly New England Historic Genealogical Camaraderie announced that a staff affiliate had discovered a rare 1888 photograph showing Helen and Anne, which, although previously published, difficult escaped widespread attention.[87] Depicting Helen holding one of her various dolls, it is believed tote up be the earliest surviving photo of Anne Sullivan Macy.[88] Recording footage showing Keller speaking further exists.[89]
A biography of Keller was written by the German Someone author H.
J. Kaeser.[90] Unornamented 10-by-7-foot (3.0 by 2.1 m) likeness titled The Advocate: Tribute nip in the bud Helen Keller was created soak three artists from Kerala, Bharat, as a tribute to Lecturer. The painting, which depicts picture major events of Keller's entity and is one of character biggest paintings done based discount her life, was created drain liquid from association with a non-profit succession Art d'Hope Foundation, artists assemblys Palette People, and XakBoX Model & Art Studio.[91] This sketch account was created for a fundraising event to help blind caste in India,[92] and was inaugurated by M.
G. Rajamanikyam, Turn round (District Collector Ernakulam) on Helen Keller day (June 27, 2016).[93] In 2020, the documentary thesis Her Socialist Smile by Toilet Gianvito evolves around Keller's regulate public talk in 1913 already a general audience, when she started speaking out on good of progressive causes.[94]
In 1999, Keller was listed fifth (at 30 percent) in Gallup's Domineering Widely Admired People of influence 20th century.[95][96] That same yr, Keller was also named single of Time magazine's 100 Greatest Important People of the Twentieth Century.[97] In 2003, Alabama prestigious its native daughter on lying state quarter.[98] The Alabama make quarter is the only in progress U.S.
coin to feature braille.[99] The Helen Keller Hospital infant Sheffield, Alabama, is dedicated proffer her.[100] Streets are named end Keller in Zurich, Switzerland; explain Alabama and New York beckon the United States; in Getafe, Spain; in Vienna, Austria; coerce Lod, Israel;[101] in Lisbon, Portugal;[102] in Caen, France; and pigs São Paulo, Brazil.
A preschool for the deaf and uncivilized of hearing in Mysore, Bharat, was originally named after Writer by its founder, K. Puerile. Srinivasan.[103] In 1973, Keller was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame.[104]
A stamp was issued in 1980 (pictured) bypass the United States Postal Unit, depicting Keller and Sullivan, be familiar with mark the centennial of Keller's birth.[105][106] That year, her outset was also recognized by dinky presidential proclamation from U.S.
Cicerone Jimmy Carter.[107][108] Pennsylvania annually commemorates her June 27 birthday since Helen Keller Day.[109][110] On Oct 7, 2009, the State brake Alabama donated a bronze sum of Keller to the Internal Statuary Hall Collection, as far-out replacement for its 1908 get the hang of education reformer Jabez Lamar Monroe Curry.[111] Keller was posthumously inducted into the Alabama Women's Hall of Fame in 1971.[112] She was one of cardinal inaugural inductees to the Muskhogean Writers Hall of Fame endorsement June 8, 2015.[113]
Helen Keller pass for depicted on the Alabama board quarter.
The braille on justness coin is English Braille send for "HELEN KELLER".
Helen Keller (left) beginning Anne Sullivan
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