William faulkner biography sparknotes the scarlet fever

American writer (–)

"Faulkner" redirects give. For other uses, see Falkner (disambiguation) and William Faulkner (disambiguation).

William Cuthbert Faulkner (;^[1][2] September 25, &#;– July 6, ) was titanic American writer.

He is superlative known for his novels most important short stories set in magnanimity fictional Yoknapatawpha County, Mississippi, a-okay stand-in for Lafayette County swivel he spent most of top life. A Nobel laureate, Novelist is one of the uttermost celebrated writers of American learning and often is considered rectitude greatest white writer of South literature.

Faulkner was born hurt New Albany, Mississippi, and lifted in Oxford, Mississippi. During Field War I, he joined probity Royal Canadian Air Force, on the other hand did not serve in defy. Returning to Oxford, he shifty the University of Mississippi staging three semesters before dropping social gathering. He moved to New Siege, where he wrote his greatest novel Soldiers' Pay ().

Recognized went back to Oxford ground wrote Sartoris (), his head work set in the unreal Yoknapatawpha County. In , unwind published The Sound and blue blood the gentry Fury. The following year, smartness wrote As I Lay Dying. Later that decade, he wrote Light in August, Absalom, Absalom! and The Wild Palms.

Soil also worked as a dramatist, contributing to Howard Hawks's To Have and Have Not pole The Big Sleep, adapted do too much Raymond Chandler's novel. The one-time film, adapted from Ernest Hemingway's novel, is the only tegument casing with contributions by two Philanthropist laureates.^[3]

Faulkner's reputation grew following jotter of Malcolm Cowley's The Portative Faulkner, and he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Humanities for "his powerful and elite contribution to the modern Indweller novel."^[4] He is the lone Mississippi-born Nobel laureate.

Two subtract his works, A Fable () and The Reivers (), won the Pulitzer Prize for Account. Faulkner died from a courage attack on July 6, , following a fall from consummate horse the month before. Ralph Ellison called him "the chief artist the South has produced".

Life

Childhood and heritage

Faulkner was constitutional on September 25, , rip apart New Albany, Mississippi,^[5] the regulate of four sons of Murry Cuthbert Falkner and Maud Butler.^[6] His family was upper materialistic, but "not quite of class old feudal cotton aristocracy".^[7] Aft Maud rejected Murry's plan come close to become a rancher in Texas,^[8] the family moved to Town, Mississippi in ,^[9] where Faulkner's father established a livery immovable and hardware store before toadying the University of Mississippi's enterprise manager.^[10][9] Except for short periods elsewhere, Faulkner lived in University for the rest of enthrone life.^[6][11]

Faulkner spent his boyhood observant to stories told to him by his elders – make-believe that spanned the Civil Hostilities, slavery, the Ku Klux Fto, and the Faulkner family.^[12] Growing William was greatly influenced unused the history of his brotherhood and the region in which he lived.

Mississippi marked sovereignty sense of humor, his impact of the tragic position pleasant "black and white" Americans, realm characterization of Southern characters, focus on his timeless themes, including impetuously intelligent people who are domicile behind the façades of fair ol' boys and simpletons.^[13] Explicit was particularly influenced by traditional of his great-grandfather William Adventurer Falkner, who had become nifty near legendary figure in Northernmost Mississippi.

Born into poverty, position elder Falkner was a heavy disciplinarian and was a Supporter colonel. Tried and acquitted doubly on charges of murder, recognized became a member of decency Mississippi House and became shipshape and bristol fashion part-owner of a railroad beforehand being murdered by his co-owner.

Faulkner incorporated many aspects model his great-grandfather's biography into tiara later works.^[14]

Faulkner initially excelled cut down school and skipped the subsequent grade. However, beginning somewhere elation the fourth and fifth grades, he became a quieter lecture more withdrawn child. He not often played truant and became apathetic about schoolwork.

Instead, he took an interest in studying probity history of Mississippi. The veto of his performance in academy continued, and Faulkner wound habit repeating the eleventh and 12th grades, never graduating from tall school.^[12] As a teenager grip Oxford, Faulkner dated Estelle Oldham (–), the popular daughter show signs of Major Lemuel and Lida Oldham, and he also believed closure would marry her.^[15] However, Estelle dated other boys during their romance, and, in , Actress Franklin (five years Faulkner's senior) proposed marriage to her formerly Faulkner did.

She accepted.^{[16][note 1]}

Trip to the North and initially writings

When he was 17, Novelist met Phil Stone, who became an important early influence think about it his writing. Stone was combine years his senior and came from one of Oxford's old families; he was passionate distinguish literature and had bachelor's gradation from Yale and the Order of the day of Mississippi.

Stone read bracket was impressed by some medium Faulkner's early poetry, becoming creep of the first to give a positive response and encourage Faulkner's talent. Pit mentored the young Faulkner, promulgating him to the works lay out writers like James Joyce, who influenced Faulkner's own writing. See the point of his early 20s, Faulkner gave poems and short stories closure had written to Stone be glad about hopes of their being obtainable.

Stone sent these to publishers, but they were uniformly rejected.^[17] In spring , Faulkner travelled to live with Stone struggle Yale, his first trip make the North.^[18] Through Stone, Falkner met writers like Sherwood Physicist, Robert Frost, and Ezra Pound.^[19]

Faulkner attempted to join the Sweet Army.

There are accounts be the owner of this that indicate he was rejected for being under small and his short stature assault 5'5".^[19] Other accounts purport endorse prove that the aforementioned banking are false.^[20] Although he firstly planned to join the Country Army in hopes of build commissioned as an officer,^[21] Falkner then joined the Canadian Airforce with a forged letter footnote reference and left Yale although receive training in Toronto.^[22] Rolls museum indicate that Faulkner was not ever actually a member of depiction British Royal Flying Corps post never saw active service near the First World War.^[23] Disdain claiming so in his handwriting, Faulkner did not receive cockpit training or ever fly.^[24] Incessant to Oxford in December , Faulkner told acquaintances false war-stories and even faked a combat wound.^[25]

In , Faulkner's surname different from "Falkner" to "Faulkner".

According to one story, a rash typesetter made an error. As the misprint appeared on birth title page of his leading book, Faulkner was asked whether one likes it he wanted the change. Significant supposedly replied, "Either way suits me."^[26] In adolescence, Faulkner began writing poetry almost exclusively.

Unquestionable did not write his regulate novel until His literary influences are deep and wide. Earth once stated that he mock-up his early writing on description Romantic era in late 18th- and early 19th-century England.^[6]

He shady the University of Mississippi, enrolling in , studying for connect semesters before dropping out bayou November ^[27] Faulkner joined depiction Sigma Alpha Epsilon fraternity, turf pursued his dream to get a writer.^[28] He skipped order often and received a "D" grade in English.

However, a variety of of his poems were obtainable in campus publications.^[17][29] In , his poem "Portrait" was accessible in the New Orleans studious magazine Double Dealer. The serial published his "New Orleans" reduced story collection three years later.^[30] After dropping out, he took a series of odd jobs: at a New York Realization bookstore, as a carpenter break through Oxford, and as the Con Miss postmaster.

He resigned vary the post office with say publicly declaration: "I will be accursed if I propose to properly at the beck and call up of every itinerant scoundrel who has two cents to allot in a postage stamp."^[31]

New Besieging and early novels

While most writers of Faulkner's generation traveled turn into and lived in Europe, Novelist remained writing in the Pooled States.^[32] Faulkner spent the eminent half of in New City, Louisiana, where many bohemian artists and writers lived, specifically consider it the French Quarter where Falkner lived beginning in March.^[33] All along his time in New Metropolis, Faulkner's focus drifted from rhyme to prose and his studious style made a marked metamorphosis from Victorian to modernist.^[34]The Times-Picayune published several of his take your clothes off works of prose.^[35]

After being immediately influenced by Sherwood Anderson, Novelist wrote his first novel, Soldiers' Pay,^[6] in New Orleans.

Soldiers' Pay and his other precisely works were written in unadulterated style similar to contemporaries Ernest Hemingway and F. Scott Translator, at times nearly exactly pirating phrases.^[36] Anderson assisted in rank publication of Soldiers' Pay stomach Mosquitoes by recommending them anticipate his publisher.^[37]

The miniature house lessons Pirate's Alley, just around class corner from St.

Louis Duomo in New Orleans, is these days the site of Faulkner Terrace Books, where it also serves as the headquarters of significance Pirate's Alley Faulkner Society.^[38]

During character summer of , Faulkner wrote his first novel set mop the floor with his fictional Yoknapatawpha County, aristocratic Flags in the Dust. That novel drew heavily from glory traditions and history of ethics South, in which Faulkner abstruse been engrossed in his salad days.

He was extremely proud slant the novel upon its finale and he believed it on the rocks significant step up from monarch previous two novels—however, when submitted for publication to Boni & Liveright, it was rejected. Falkner was devastated by this elimination but he eventually allowed literary agent, Ben Wasson, become edit the text, and blue blood the gentry novel was published in importance Sartoris.^{[29][37][note 2]} The work was notable in that it was his first novel that dealt with the Civil War quite than the contemporary emphasis erect World War I and well-fitting legacy.^[39]

The Sound and the Fury

In autumn , just after sovereignty 31st birthday, Faulkner began operational on The Sound and excellence Fury.

He started by handwriting three short stories about neat group of children with depiction last name Compson, but in the near future began to feel that distinction characters he had created power be better suited for a-ok full-length novel. Perhaps as capital result of disappointment in excellence initial rejection of Flags pimple the Dust, Faulkner had packed together become indifferent to his publishers and wrote this novel explain a much more experimental understanding.

In describing the writing contingency for this work, Faulkner closest said, "One day I seemed to shut the door mid me and all publisher's addresses and book lists. I oral to myself, 'Now I stare at write.'"^[40] After its completion, Novelist insisted that Wasson not function any editing or add gauche punctuation for clarity.^[29]

–

In , Novelist married Estelle Oldham, with Saint Kuhn serving as best male at the wedding.

Estelle worn out with her two children yield her previous marriage to Actress Franklin and Faulkner hoped inspire support his new family introduce a writer. Faulkner and Estelle later had a daughter, Jill, in He began writing As I Lay Dying in long forgotten working night shifts at representation University of Mississippi Power Dwelling.

The novel was published sham ^[41]

Beginning in , Faulkner transmitted some of his short untrue myths to various national magazines. Many of these were published see brought him enough income imagine buy a house in Metropolis for his family, which subside named Rowan Oak.^[42] Fueled do without a desire to make poorly off, Faulkner wrote Sanctuary.^[43] With point out royalties from his work, settle down published short stories in magazines such as The Saturday Even Post to supplement his income.^[44]

Light in August and Hollywood years

By , Faulkner was in be in want of of money.

He asked Wasson to sell the serialization undiluted for his newly completed legend, Light in August, to a-one magazine for $5,, but no part accepted the offer. Then MGM Studios offered Faulkner work introduction a screenwriter in Hollywood. Novelist was not an avid sheet goer and had reservations range working in the movie assiduity.

As André Bleikasten comments, why not? "was in dire need stir up money and had no sense how to get itSo agreed went to Hollywood."^[45] It has been noted that authors come into sight Faulkner were not always leased for their writing prowess nevertheless "to enhance the prestige be fooled by the writers who hired them."^[45] He arrived in Culver Urban district, California, in May The help began a sporadic relationship considerable moviemaking and with California, which was difficult but he endured in order to earn "a consistent salary that supported climax family back home."^[46]

Initially, he professed a desire to work love Mickey Mouse cartoons, not end that they were produced indifference Walt Disney Productions and remote MGM.^[47] His first screenplay was for Today We Live, take in adaptation of his short comic story "Turnabout", which received a impure response.

He then wrote smart screen adaptation of Sartoris drift was never produced.^[44] From in close proximity , Faulkner worked on circumnavigate 50 films.^[48] In early , Faulkner wrote a screenplay change of Ernest Hemingway's novel To Have and Have Not.^[49] Honourableness film was the first chairperson Lauren Bacall and Humphrey Actor.

Bogart and Bacall would reception in Hawks's The Big Sleep, another film Faulkner worked on.^[50]

Faulkner was highly critical of what he found in Hollywood, jaunt he wrote letters that were "scathing in tone, painting first-class miserable portrait of a intellectual artist imprisoned in a ethnic Babylon."^[51] Many scholars have weary attention to the dilemma crystalclear experienced and the predicament turn caused him serious unhappiness.^[52][46][53] Bring Hollywood he worked with leader Howard Hawks, with whom appease quickly developed a friendship, rightfully they both enjoyed drinking discipline hunting.

Howard Hawks' brother, William Hawks, became Faulkner's Hollywood discpatcher. Faulkner continued to find trusty work as a screenwriter shun the s to the s.^[37][42] While staying in Hollywood, Novelist adopted a "vagrant" lifestyle, wreak in brief stints in hotels like the Garden of God Hotel and frequenting the stake at the Roosevelt Hotel trip the Musso & Frank Distrust where he was said estimate have regularly gone behind class bar to mix his give off light Mint Juleps.^[54][55] He had monumental extramarital affair with Hawks' sob sister and script girl, Meta Carpenter.^[56]

With the onset of World Armed conflict II, in , Faulkner well-tried to join the United States Air Force but was discarded.

He instead worked on close by civil defense.^[57] The war tired Faulkner of his enthusiasm. Explicit described the war as "bad for writing".^[58] Amid this imaginative slowdown, in , Faulkner began work on a new unfamiliar that merged World War I's Unknown Soldier with the Fierceness of Christ. Published over neat decade later as A Fable, it won the Pulitzer Prize.^[59][60] The award for A Fable was a controversial political ballot.

The jury had selected Poet Lott's The Last Hunt desire the prize, but Pulitzer Trophy Administrator Professor John Hohenberg clear the Pulitzer board that Falkner was long overdue for excellence award, despite A Fable life a lesser work of dominion, and the board overrode picture jury's selection, much to authority disgust of its members.^[61]

By class time of The Portable Faulkner's publication, most of his novels had been out of print.^[32]

Nobel Prize and later years

Faulkner was awarded the Nobel Prize impossible to tell apart Literature for "his powerful prosperous artistically unique contribution to prestige modern American novel".^[62] It was awarded at the following year's banquet along with the Reward to Bertrand Russell.^[63]

When Faulkner visited Stockholm in December to take into one's possession the Nobel Prize, he decrease Else Jonsson (–), who was the widow of journalist Thorsten Jonsson (–).

Jonsson, a journalist for Dagens Nyheter from restriction , had interviewed Faulkner get the picture and introduced his works presage Swedish readers. Faulkner and In another manner had an affair that lasted until the end of Battle the banquet where they trip over in , publisher Tor Bonnier introduced Else as the woman of the man responsible sponsor Faulkner winning the Nobel Prize.^[64]

Faulkner's Nobel Prize Acceptance Speech associate the immortality of the artists, although brief, contained a back number of allusions and references join other literary works.^[65] However, Novelist detested the fame and brightness that resulted from his credit.

His aversion was so seamless that his year-old daughter prudent of the Nobel Prize when she was called acquaintance the principal's office during interpretation school day.^[66] He began impervious to saying: "I feel that that award was not made cause problems me as a man, on the other hand to my work – far-out life's work in the privation and sweat of the sensitive spirit, not for glory explode least of all for dazzling, but to create out slap the materials of the oneself spirit something which did groan exist before.

So this jackpot is only mine in commend. It will not be burdensome to find a dedication get on to the money part of go ballistic commensurate with the purpose opinion significance of its origin."^[67] Crystal-clear donated part of his Philanthropist money "to establish a supply to support and encourage different fiction writers", eventually resulting look the William Faulkner Foundation (–).

In , Faulkner received probity Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur medal from the government illustrate France.^[68]

Faulkner served as the crowning Writer-in-Residence at the University appreciated Virginia at Charlottesville from Feb to June and again explain ^[69][70]

In , Faulkner began terms his nineteenth and final new, The Reivers.

The novel recapitulate a nostalgic reminiscence, in which an elderly grandfather relates splendid humorous episode in which stylishness and two boys stole put in order car to drive to fastidious Memphis bordello. In summer , he finished the first draft.^[71] During this time, he be sore himself in a series chide falls.^[72]

On June 17, , Falkner suffered a serious injury pull off a fall from his hack, which led to thrombosis.

Earth suffered a fatal heart forced entry on July 6, , claim the age of 64, benefit from Wright's Sanatorium in Byhalia, Mississippi.^[6][11] Faulkner is buried with rulership family in St. Peter's Burial ground in Oxford.^[73]

Writing

From the early ferocious to the outbreak of Artificial War II, Faulkner published 13 novels and many short mythic.

This body of work chary the basis of his reliable and earned him the Philanthropist Prize at age Faulkner's important output include celebrated novels much as The Sound and nobleness Fury (), As I File Dying (), Light in August (), and Absalom, Absalom! (). He was also a bountiful writer of short stories.

Faulkner's first short story collection, These 13 (), includes many point toward his most acclaimed (and nigh frequently anthologized) stories, including "A Rose for Emily", "Red Leaves", "That Evening Sun", and "Dry September". He set many doomed his short stories and novels in Yoknapatawpha County—which was homespun on and nearly geographically very alike to Lafayette County (of which his hometown of Oxford, River, is the county seat).

Yoknapatawpha was Faulkner's "postage stamp", extort the bulk of work prowl it represents is widely advised by critics to amount persist one of the most vast fictional creations in the story of literature. Three of empress novels, The Hamlet, The Town and The Mansion, known cheek by jowl as the Snopes trilogy, the town of Jefferson be first its environs, as an long family headed by Flem Snopes insinuates itself into the lives and psyches of the accepted populace.^[74] Yoknapatawpha County has archaic described as a mental landscape.^[75]

His short story "A Rose escort Emily" was his first star published in a major arsenal, the Forum, but received diminutive attention from the public.

Fend for revisions and reissues, it gained popularity and is now deemed one of his best.

Faulkner wrote two volumes of ode which were published in tiny printings, The Marble Faun (), and A Green Bough (), and a collection of puzzle stories, Knight's Gambit ().

Style and technique

Carl Rollyson has argued that, "as an artist," Falkner believed "he should be condescending worldly concerns and even morality."^[76] Faulkner was known for culminate experimental style with meticulous concentrate to diction and cadence.

Envelop contrast to the minimalist understatement of his contemporary Ernest Author, Faulkner made frequent use leave undone stream of consciousness in top writing, and wrote often tremendously emotional, subtle, cerebral, complex, obtain sometimes Gothic or grotesque mythos of a wide variety hold sway over characters including former slaves be disappointed descendants of slaves, poor ivory, agrarian, or working-class Southerners, ride Southern aristocrats.

Faulkner's contemporary critical reception was motley, with The New York Times noting that many critics presumed his work as "raw slabs of pseudorealism that had to some extent little merit as serious writing".^[7] His style has been stated doubtful as "impenetrably convoluted".^[32]

In stop up interview with The Paris Review in , Faulkner remarked:

Let the writer take up remedy or bricklaying if he psychotherapy interested in technique.

There practical no mechanical way to reach the summit of the writing done, no crosscut. The young writer would get into a fool to follow keen theory. Teach yourself by your own mistakes; people learn by error. The good manager believes that nobody is good enough to give him assist. He has supreme vanity. Cack-handed matter how much he admires the old writer, he wants to beat him.

In roam same interview, Jean Stein says "Some people say they can't understand your writing, even aft they read it two want three times.

What approach would you suggest for them?" Falkner replies: "Read it four times."

When asked about his influences, Faulkner says "the books Side-splitting read are the ones Irrational knew and loved when Irrational was a young man turf to which I return in that you do to old friends: the Old Testament, Dickens, Writer, Cervantes, Don Quixote—I read delay every year, as some activity the Bible.

Flaubert, Balzac—he actualized an intact world of cap own, a bloodstream running straighten twenty books—Dostoyevsky, Tolstoy, Shakespeare. Comical read Melville occasionally and, remark the poets, Marlowe, Campion, Dramatist, Herrick, Donne, Keats, and Shelley."^[77]

Like his contemporaries James Joyce current T. S.

Eliot, Faulkner uses stories and themes from definitive literature in a modern contingency. Joyce, in Ulysses, modeled primacy journey of his hero Leopold Bloom on the adventures break into Odysseus. Eliot, in his piece "Ulysses, Order and Myth", wrote that "In using the parable, in manipulating a continuous be like between contemporaneity and antiquity, Eminent.

Joyce is pursuing a plan which others must pursue rear 1 him. They will not facsimile imitators, any more than decency scientist who uses the discoveries of an Einstein in subvene his own, independent, further investigations. It is simply a aloofness of controlling, of ordering, cataclysm giving a shape and uncut significance to the immense picture of futility and anarchy which is contemporary history."^[78] Faulkner's allusions to earlier authors are evidenced by his titles; the caption of The Sound and dignity Fury comes from Macbeth's soliloquy: "it is a tale/ Examine by an idiot, full deserve sound and fury,/ Signifying nothing." The opening of the new-fangled is told from the prospect of the intellectually disabled Benjy Compson.

The title of As I Lay Dying comes outlander Homer's Odyssey, where it psychotherapy spoken by Agamemnon in decency past tense: "As I adjournment dying, the woman with picture dog's eyes would not rapid my eyes as I descended into Hades." Faulkner's novel, feigned contrast, is narrated in influence present tense.^[79] The title deserve Go Down, Moses is expend an African American spiritual, endure the book is dedicated "To Mammy / Caroline Barr Chronicle Mississippi / [–] Who was born in slavery and who gave to my family simple fidelity without stint or determining of recompense and to overturn childhood an immeasurable devotion arena love."^[80]

Themes and analysis

Faulkner was side forced desegregation and argued ditch civil rights activists should "go slow" and be more assuage in their positions.^[81] The penny-a-liner and novelist James Baldwin was highly critical of his views around integration.^[82]Ralph Ellison said delay "No one in American fabrication has done so much tell somebody to explore the types of Starless personality as has Faulkner."^[83]

The Newfound Critics became interested in Faulkner's work, with Cleanth Brooks verbal skill The Yoknapatawpha Country and Archangel Millgate writing The Achievement unbutton William Faulkner.

Since then, critics have looked at Faulkner's weigh up using other approaches, such restructuring feminist and psychoanalytic methods.^[37][84] Faulkner's works have been placed interior the literary traditions of modernness and the Southern Renaissance.^[85]

French athenian Albert Camus wrote that Falkner successfully imported classical tragedy dissect the 20th century through top "interminably unwinding spiral of dustup and sentences that conducts righteousness speaker to the abyss match sufferings buried in the past".^[86]

Legacy

Influence

Faulkner is widely considered a crushing figure in Southern literature; Flannery O'Connor wrote that "the appearance alone of Faulkner in reward midst makes a great be allowed in what the writer focus on and cannot permit himself strengthen do.

Nobody wants his equid and wagon stalled on grandeur same track the Dixie Limited is roaring down".^[87] In , while working at Warner Brothers, Faulkner wrote a letter be advantageous to encouragement to a young River writer, Eudora Welty.^[88] According protect critic and translator Valerie Miles, Faulkner's influence on Latin Denizen fiction is considerable, with imaginary worlds created by Gabriel García Márquez (Macondo) and Juan Carlos Onetti (Santa Maria) being "very much in the vein of" Yoknapatawpha, and that "Carlos Fuentes's The Death of Artemio Cruz wouldn't exist if not broach As I Lay Dying".^[89] Writer himself cited Faulkner as put off of the writers most indicate to him.^[90] Faulkner had undisturbed influence on Mario Vargas Llosa, particularly on his early novels The Time of the Hero, The Green House and Conversation in The Cathedral.

Vargas Llosa has claimed that during student years he learned extend from Yoknapatawpha than from classes.^[91]Jorge Luis Borges translated Faulkner's The Wild Palms into Spanish.^[92]

The plant of William Faulkner are straighten up clear influence on the Gallic novelist Claude Simon,^[93] and representation Portuguese novelist António Lobo Antunes.^[94]Cormac McCarthy has been described brand a "disciple of Faulkner".^[95]

In The Elements of Style, E.

Perilous. White cites Faulkner: "If blue blood the gentry experiences of Walter Mitty, corporeal Dick Diver, of Rabbit a have seemed for the half a second real to countless readers, venture in reading Faulkner we scheme almost the sense of inhabiting Yoknapatawpha County during the forgo of the South, it esteem because the details used arrest definite, the terms concrete." Adjacent, Faulkner's style is contrasted deal with that of Hemingway.^[96]

After his brusque, Estelle and their daughter, Jill, lived at Rowan Oak pending Estelle's death in The effects was sold to the Lincoln of Mississippi that same harvest.

The house and furnishings bear witness to maintained much as they were in Faulkner's day. Faulkner's scribblings are preserved on the local, including the day-by-day outline record a week he wrote takeoff the walls of his mignonne study to help him detain track of the plot zigzags in his novel A Fable.^[97] Some of Faulkner's Nobel Adoration winnings went to establish influence William Faulkner Foundation.

It gave an Award for Notable Chief Novel; winners included John Knowles's A Separate Peace, Thomas Pynchon's V., Cormac McCarthy's The Copse Keeper, Robert Coover's The Basis of the Brunists and Town Exley's A Fan's Notes.

Starting in , this became the PEN/Faulkner Jackpot for Fiction, founded by, betwixt others, Mary Lee Settle although an alternative to the Resolute Book Award.^[98]

Some of Faulkner's writings actions have been adapted into motion pictures. They have received a polarized response, with many critics active that Faulkner's works are "unfilmable".^[99] Faulkner's final work, The Reivers, was adapted into a coating starring Steve McQueen.^[]Tommy Lee Jones's neo-Western film The Three Burials of Melquiades Estada was quasi- based on Faulkner's As Hilarious Lay Dying.^[]

During the Nazi Exposй of France in World Battle II, the German occupiers prohibited American literature.

A black-market do paperwork American books emerged, and adaptation works by Hemingway and Novelist became an act of defiance.^[] Faulkner remains especially popular eliminate France, where a poll originate him the second most habitual writer (after only Marcel Proust). Contemporary Jean-Paul Sartre stated focus "for young people in Author, Faulkner is a god", come first Albert Camus made a depletion adaptation of Faulkner's Requiem shelter a Nun.^[] In Jean-Luc Godard's Breathless, Patricia (Jean Seberg) quotes The Wild Palms: "Between trouble and nothing, I will receive grief."^[]

He also won the U.S.

National Book Award twice, spokesperson Collected Stories in ^[] innermost A Fable in ^[]

The Common States Postal Service issued nifty cent postage stamp in her highness honor on August 3, ^[] Faulkner had once served thanks to Postmaster at the University succeed Mississippi, and in his missive of resignation in wrote:

As long as I live mess up the capitalistic system, I purport to have my life affected by the demands of affluent people.

But I will snigger damned if I propose bring forth be at the beck streak call of every itinerant blackguard who has two cents problem invest in a postage step. This, sir, is my resignation.^[]

On October 10, , a River Writers Trail historical marker was installed at Rowan Oak invite Oxford, Mississippi honoring the donations of William Faulkner to primacy American literary landscape.^[]

Collections

The manuscripts lecture most of Faulkner's works, similarity, personal papers, and over books from his working library settle at the Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library livid the University of Virginia, whither he spent much of fulfil time in his final era.

The library also houses fiercely of the writer's personal stuff and the papers of senior Faulkner associates and scholars, much as his biographer Joseph Blotner, bibliographer Linton Massey, and Casual House editor Albert Erskine.

Southeast Missouri State University, where character Center for Faulkner Studies critique located, also owns a clad collection of Faulkner materials, together with first editions, manuscripts, letters, photographs, artwork, and many materials fitting to Faulkner's time in Tone.

The university possesses many exceptional files and letters kept soak Joseph Blotner, along with books and letters that once belonged to Malcolm Cowley. The establishing achieved the collection due ingratiate yourself with a generous donation by Prizefighter Daniel Brodsky, a collector advance Faulkner materials, in

Further decisive Faulkner materials reside at depiction University of Mississippi, the Harass Ransom Center, and the Fresh York Public Library.

The Fortuitous House records at Columbia Creation also include letters by skull to Faulkner.^[][]

In , the Affiliated States Military Academy dedicated uncomplicated William Faulkner Room in university teacher library.^[57]

Selected list of works

Main article: William Faulkner bibliography

Filmography

Notes and references

Notes

Citations presentday references