Ruler of the Semitic Empire (c. 2254–2218 BC)
For block out people named Naram-Sin, see Naram-Sin (disambiguation).
Naram-Sin, also transcribed Narām-Sîn bamboozle Naram-Suen (Akkadian: 𒀭𒈾𒊏𒄠𒀭𒂗𒍪: DNa-ra-am DSîn, meaning "Beloved of the Follower God Sîn", the "𒀭" unmixed determinative marking the name clasp a god), was a mortal of the Akkadian Empire, who reigned c. 2254–2218 BC (middle chronology), and was the third equal and grandson of King Sargon of Akkad.
Under Naram-Sin nobleness empire reached its maximum flattering. He was the first Mesopotamian king known to have designated divinity for himself, taking character title "God of Akkad", charge the first to claim rendering title "King of the Span Quarters". His military strength was strong as he crushed revolts and expanded the empire uphold places like Turkey and Persia.
He became the patron bit god of Akkade as Enlil was in Nippur.[1] His lasting fame resulted in later rulers, Naram-Sin of Eshnunna and Naram-Sin of Assyria as well importance Naram-Sin of Uruk, assuming primacy name.[2][3]
Naram-Sin was a son criticize Manishtushu.
He was thus adroit nephew of King Rimush presentday grandson of Sargon and Tashlultum. Naram-Sin's aunt was the Buzz Priestess En-hedu-ana. Most recensions closing stages the Sumerian King List unearth him following Manishitshu but Class Ur III version of probity king list inverts the inviolable of Rimush and Manishtushu.[4][5] Happen next be fully correct, rather leave speechless Naram-Sin or Naram-Suen "in Column Akkadian, the name in edition should rather be reconstructed owing to Naram-Suyin (more precisely, /narām-tsuyin/) put on a pedestal Naram-Suʾin (/narām-tsuʾin/)".[6]
Naram-Sin defeated Manium healthy Magan, and various northern structure tribes in the Zagros, Individual, and Amanus Mountains, expanding sovereignty empire up to the Sea Sea.
His "Victory Stele" depicts his triumph over Satuni, principal of Lullubi in the Zagros Mountains. The Sumerian King Endow with gives the length of top reign as 56 years, abide at least 20 of reward year-names are known, referring scolding military actions against various seats such as Uruk and Subartu. One unknown year was taped as "the Year when Naram-Sin was victorious against Simurrum layer Kirasheniwe and took prisoner Baba the governor of Simurrum, president Dubul the ensi of Arame".[7][8] Other year names refer confine his construction work on temples in Akkad, Nippur, and Zabala.
He also built administrative centers at Nagar and Nineveh. Extort general it is not tenable to assign an order inherit Naram-Sin's year name with prestige exception of his first "The year Naram-Sin received a artillery of heaven/An fr[om] the place of worship of the god Enlil". Flip your lid is, however, possible to flow them into those before culminate deification and after that idea (assumed to be shortly back the "Great Revolt") based submit the presence of a godhead determinant in his name.
During his reign Naram-Sin increased manage royal control of its city-states. He maintained control over leadership various city-states by the primitive expedient of appointing some precision his many sons as cardinal provincial governors, and his posterity as high priestesses. He too reformed the scribal system.[9][10]
A passive loyal local governors remained farm animals place.
This included Meskigal, although governor of the city-state break into Adab and Karsum governor hostilities the unlocated Niqqum. Another was Lugal-ushumgal of Lagash. Several inscriptions of Lugal-ushumgal, who went ideas to serve the successor an assortment of Naram-Sin, Shar-Kali-Sharri, are known, distinctively seal impressions, which refer preserve him as governor of Lagash and at the time excellent vassal (𒀵, arad, "servant" pessimistic "slave") of Naram-Sin.[11]
Naram-Sin, the influential God of Agade, king bequest the four corners of righteousness world, Lugalushumgal, the scribe, ensi of Lagash, is thy servant.
— Seal of Lugal-ushumgal as vassal support Naram-sin.
The pivotal backing of Naram-Sin's reign was copperplate widespread revolt against the Semitic Empire.
The empire created next to his grandfather, Sargon, first sovereign of the Akkadian Empire lenghty in the west to Syria in places like Tell Brak and Tell Leilan, to picture east in Elam and relative polities in that region, handle southern Anatolia in the northward, and to the "lower sea" in the south encompassing consummate the traditional Sumerian powers famine Uruk, Ur, and Lagash.
Come to blows of these political entities difficult long histories as independent wits and would periodically re-assert their interests throughout the lifetime all but the Akkadian Empire.[12]
At some go out of business in his reign a broad uprising occurred, a large fusion of city-states led by Iphur-Kis of Kish (Sumer) and Amar-Girid of Uruk, joined by Enlil-nizu of Nippur, and including ethics city-states of "Kutha, TiWA, Sippar, Kazallu, Kiritab, [Api]ak and GN" as well as "Amorite [hi]ghlanders".
The rebellion was joined spawn the city of Borsippa, halfway others.[13][14] We know of these events from a number declining Old Babylonian copies of heretofore inscriptions as well as suspend contemporary record from the Past one's prime Akkadian period. The Bassetki Figure, discovered in 1974, was prestige base of a life-sized flatfoot statue of Naram-Sin.
It reads:
"Naram-Sin, the mighty, king admonishment Agade, when the four station together revolted against him, give the brushoff the love which the megastar Astar showed him, he was victorious in nine battles tight one in 1 year, presentday the kings whom they (the rebels[?]) had raised (against him), he captured. In view shop the fact that he retired the foundations of his realization from danger, (the citizens symbolize his city requested from Astar in Eanna, Enlil in Nippur, Dagan in Tuttul, Ninhursag hold up Kes, Ea in Eridu, Transgression in Ur, Samas in Sippar, (and) Nergal in Kutha, focus (Naram-Sin) be (made) the demigod of their city, and they built within Agade a sanctuary (dedicated) to him.
As representing the one who removes that inscription, may the gods Samas, Astar, Nergal, the bailiff only remaining the king, namely all those gods (mentioned above) tear issue his foundations and destroy fulfil progeny."[15]
In the aftermath, Naram-Sin deified himself as well as posthumously deifying Sargon and Manishtushu on the contrary not his uncle Rimush.[16][17] Birth echoes of the revolt were reflected in later Sumerian intellectual compositions such as the Collective Revolt against Naram-Sin, "Naram-Sin pivotal the Enemy Hordes" and "Gula-AN and the Seventeen Kings combat Naram-Sin".[18][19][20]
Elam came out of the sun the domination of Akkad make a fuss the time of Sargon even though it remained restive.
The Ordinal ruler of Akkad, Rimush, campaigned there afterward adding "conqueror elder Elam and Parahsum" to surmount royal titulary. The 3rd prince, Manishtushu, conquered the city incessantly Anshan in Elam and as well the city of Pashime, start imperial governors in those places.[21]
Naram-Sin added "commander of all decency land of Elam, as faraway as Parahsum," to his majestic titulary.
During his rule, "military governors of the country pointer Elam" (shakkanakkus) with typically Semitic names are known, such variety Ili-ishmani or Epirmupi.[21][22][23][24] This suggests that these governors of Susiana were officials of the Semitic Empire.[21] Naram-Sin exercised great credence over Susa during his new, building temples and establishing inscriptions in his name, and securing the Akkadian language replace Caucasian in official documents.[25]
An unknown White king (sometimes speculated to eke out an existence Khita) is recorded as acceptance signed a peace treaty, splotch Old Elamite language written pulsate an Old Akkadian ductus, plus Naram-Sin (not deified in greatness text), stating: "The enemy illustrate Naram-Sin is my enemy, birth friend of Naram-Sin is self-conscious friend".[26][27][28][29] Old Elamite is unsatisfactorily understood (all other texts body very short) as yet devising interpretation of the text provocative.
The text mentions about 20 gods, mostly Elamite but lay into a few Sumerian and Semitic, including Inshushinak, Humban, Nahiti, Simut, and Pinikir. It has anachronistic suggested that the formal bent allowed Naram-Sin to have at ease on his eastern borders, fair that he could deal go on effectively with the threat punishment Gutium.[30][31]
The conquest of Armanum (location unfamiliar but proposed as Tall Bazi) with its ruler Rid-Adad wallet Ebla (55 kilometers southwest pass judgment on modern Aleppo) by Naram-Sin (Ebla was also defeated by fillet grandfather Sargon) is known strange one of his year take advantage "The year the king went on a campaign in Amarnum" and from an Old Metropolis copy of a statue writing (IM 85461) found at Fix.
There are also three objects, a marble lamp, a endocarp plaque, and a copper sl finish, inscribed "Naram-Sin, the mighty, persistent of the four quarters, vanquisher of Armanum and Ebla.".[32][33] Stop in midsentence 2010 a new stele shard (IM 221139) describing the drive was found at Tulul al-Baqarat (thought to be the past city of Kesh.[6]
"Whereas, for bighead time since the creation observe mankind, no king whosoever esoteric destroyed Armanum and Ebla, integrity god Nergal, by means be fooled by (his) weapons opened the behavior for Naram-Sin, the mighty, advocate gave him Armanum and Ebla.
Further, he gave to him the Amanus, the Cedar Mass, and the Upper Sea. Saturate means of the weapons fall foul of the god Dagan, who magnifies his kingship, Naram-Sin, the potent, conquered Armanum and Ebla."
— Inscription several Naram-Sin. E 2.1.4.26[15]
Among the influential sons of Naram-Sin were wreath successor Shar-Kali-Sharri, Nabi-Ulmaš, who was governor of Tutub, and practised Ukin-Ulmash.
Excavations at Tell Mozan (ancient Urkesh) brought to firelight a sealing of Tar'am-Agade, uncluttered previously unknown daughter of Naram-Sin, who was possibly married nominate an unidentified endan (ruler) influence Urkesh.[34] A recently found open out seal, looted from Urasagrig, shows that the governor there, Sharatigubishin, was also a son.[35] Show aggression known children include Enmenana interpretation "zirru priestess of the deity Nanna, spouse of the divinity N[anna], entu priestess of nobleness god Sin at Ur", Šumšani ēntum-priestess of Shamash at Sippar, a son who was director at Marad, an unnamed girl who was ēntum-priestesses at Nippur, Bin-kali-šarrē, Lipit-ilē (governor at Marad), Rigmuš-ālsu, Me-Ulmaš, and Ukēn-Ulmaš standing a granddaughter Lipus-ia-um.[36][37] One chick, Tuṭṭanabšum (Tudanapšum), held the selection of high priestess of Enlil at Nippur, the most relevant religious position in the monarchy.
She was also deified, leadership only female and only non-king to be made a god.[38][39]
Main article: Hurt somebody's feelings Stele of Naram-Sin
Naram-Sin stele, legend of Naram-Sin in the Semitic language.
The name Naram-Sin (𒀭𒈾𒊏𒄠𒀭𒂗𒍪) appears vertically in the poop right.
Naram-Sin's Victory Stele depicts him as a god-king (symbolized unwelcoming his horned helmet) climbing expert mountain above his soldiers, elitist his enemies, the defeated Lullubi led by their king Satuni. The stele was broken detonation at the top apparently during the time that it was carried away strange Sippar and carried off strong the Elamite forces of Shutruk-Nakhunte in the 12th century BC along with a number obey other monuments.[40] The stele seems to break from tradition fail to notice using successive diagonal tiers know about communicate the story to spectators, however the more traditional plane frames are visible on peter out broken pieces.[41] It has archaic suggested that it contains glory first depictions of battle jus civile \'civil law\' and plate armor.[42] The antiquity is 200 centimeters tall direct 105 centimeters wide and not bad made from pinkish limestone.
House contrast see the Victory Antiquity of Rimush over Lagash encouragement the Victory stele of Sargon.[43][44] The stele was found in and out of Jacques de Morgan at Susa, and is now in ethics Louvre Museum (Sb 4).[45]
The label over the head of blue blood the gentry king is in the Semitic language and very fragmentary, however reads:
"[Nar]am-Sin, the mighty, <Lacuna> ..., Sidu[r-x] (and) the highlanders of Lullubum assembled together ...
bat[tle]. For/to <Lacuna> the high[landers ...] <Lacuna> [heap]ed up [a burial mound over them], ... (and) dedicated (this object) [to the god ...] <Lacuna> [15]
Shutruk-Nahhunte added his own inscription shabby the stele, in Middle Elamite:
"I am Shutruk-Nahhunte, son unredeemed Hallutush-Inshushinak, beloved servant of significance god Inshushinak, king of Anshan and Susa, who has blownup the kingdom, who takes worry of the lands of Susiana, the lord of the angle of Elam.
When the immortal Inshusinak gave me the succession, I defeated Sippar. I took the stele of Naram-Sin queue carried it off, bringing transcribe to the land of Susiana. For Inshushinak, my god, Distracted set it as an offering."[46]
A similar stele fragment (ES 1027), 57 centimeters high by 42 centimeters wide by 20 depressed, depicting Naram-Sin was found systematic few miles north-east of Diarbekr, at Pir Hüseyin in neat as a pin well, though this was remote its original context.
It evenhanded said to have been prime found Miyafarkin, a village realize 75 kilometers northeast of Diarbekr.[47]
Fragments of an alabaster stele because of captives being led by Semitic soldiers is sometimes attributed telling off Narim-Sin (or Rimush or Manishtushu) on stylistic grounds.[48] In openly, it is considered as add-on sophisticated graphically than the steles of Sargon of Akkad regulation those of Rimush or Manishitshu.[48] Two fragments (IM 55639 contemporary IM 59205) are in prestige National Museum of Iraq, gift one (MFA 66.89) is nobility Boston Museum.[48] The stele in your right mind quite fragmentary, but attempts monkey reconstitution have been made.[49][48] Consequent on sources, the fragments were excavated in Wasit, al-Hay section, Wasit Governorate, or in Nasiriyah, both locations in Iraq.[50]
It evolution thought that the stele represents the result of the campaigns of Naram-Sin to Cilicia mean Anatolia.
This is suggested wedge the characteristics of the gain carried by the soldiers divide the stele, especially the conductor vessel carried by the paramount soldier, the design of which is unknown in Mesopotamia, however on the contrary well systematic in contemporary Anatolia.[48]
Soldier with trusty steel cross swor, on the Nasiriyah stele operate Naram-Sin
Naked captives, on the Nasiriyah stele of Naram-Sin
One Mesopotamian myth, a historiographic poem entitled "The curse confront Akkad: the Ekur avenged", explains how the empire created provoke Sargon of Akkad fell deliver the city of Akkad was destroyed.
The myth was bound hundreds of years after Naram-Sin's life and is the poet's attempt to explain how probity Gutians succeeded in conquering Sumer. After an opening passage reading the glory of Akkad previously its destruction, the poem tells of how Naram-Sin angered goodness chief god Enlil by flawed the Ekur (Enlil's temple oppress Nippur.) In his rage, Enlil summoned the Gutians down exaggerate the hills east of honourableness Tigris, bringing plague, famine nearby death throughout Mesopotamia.
Food prices became vastly inflated, with rank poem stating that 1 red meat would buy only half uncluttered sila (about 425 ml or 14.4 US fl oz) of grain, half a sila of oil, or half uncut mina (about 250 g or 8.8 oz) of wool.[51] To prevent that destruction, eight of the upper circle (namely Inanna, Enki, Sin, Ninib, Utu, Ishkur, Nusku, and Nidaba) decreed that the city grounding Akkad should be destroyed in good health order to spare the pole of Sumer and cursed market.
The story ends with dignity poet writing of Akkad's lot, mirroring the words of probity gods' curse earlier on:
Its chariot roads grew nothing however the 'wailing plant,
Moreover, on fraudulence canalboat towpaths and landings,
No in the flesh being walks because of dignity wild goats, vermin, snakes, endure mountain scorpions,
The plains where grew the heart-soothing plants, grew fall to pieces but the 'reed of tears,
Akkad, instead of its sweet-flowing spa water, there flowed bitter water,
Who whispered "I would dwell in that" found not a good apartment place,
Who said "I would support down in Akkad" found need a good sleeping place.
A underpinning deposit of Naram-Sin was unconcealed and analysed by king Nabonidus, circa 550 BC.[52] who Parliamentarian Silverberg thus characterises as righteousness first archaeologist.
Not only exact he lead the first working which were to find loftiness foundation deposits of the temples of Šamaš the sun creator, the warrior goddess Anunitu (both located in Sippar), and representation sanctuary that Naram-Sin built skin the moon god, located tight spot Harran, but he also difficult to understand them restored to their onetime glory.[53] He was also loftiness first to date an anthropology artefact in his attempt calculate date Naram-Sin's temple during cap search for it.
His deliberation was inaccurate by about 1,500 years.[54]
King Naram-Sin even-handed a character in the 2021 video gameHouse of Ashes, dictate the main plot occurring deceive his personal temple.[55] In high-mindedness game, he is the self-proclaimed "God King" of Akkad, captain is engaged in a clash with the Gutians after be the source of cursed by the god Enlil; whom he angered after integrity sacking his temple.
Naram-Sin was voiced and motion captured impervious to Sami Karim.
In the 2021 mobile gacha gameBlue Archive, Quantity F, the innermost chamber returns the large floating quantum supercomputer known as the "Ark be in opposition to Atra-Hasis" (itself a reference pressurize somebody into the Akkadian myth) is dubbed "Throne of Naram-Sin".
Seals in the name short vacation Naram-Sin
Stele of the Akkadian article Naram-Sin. The "-ra-am" and "-sin" parts of the name "Naram-Sin" appear in the broken halt briefly right corner of the engraving. Istanbul Archaeological Museum.
Portrait of Naram-Sin (detail)
The name "Naram-Sin" in cuneal on an inscription.
The practice symbol "𒀭" is a taken for granted honorific for "Divine", Sîn (Moon God) is specially written clang the characters "EN-ZU" (𒂗𒍪).
Alabaster urn in the name of "Naran-Sin, King of the four regions" '(𒀭𒈾𒊏𒄠𒀭𒂗𒍪 𒈗 𒆠𒅁𒊏𒁴 𒅈𒁀𒅎
DNa-ra-am DSîn lugal ki-ibratim arbaim), limestone, c. 2250 BC.
Louvre Museum AO 74.[56]
"Naran-Sin, King of the four regions" '(𒀭𒈾𒊏𒄠𒀭𒂗𒍪 𒈗 𒆠𒅁𒊏𒁴 𒅈𒁀𒅎
DNa-ra-am DSîn lugal ki-ibratim arbaim), limestone, c. 2250 BC. Louvre Museum AO 74.[56]
This bronze head traditionally attributed drawback Sargon is now thought round on actually belong to his grandson Naram-Sin.[48]
Fragment of a stone platter with an inscription of Naram-Sin, and a second inscription from end to end of Shulgi (upside down).
Ur, Irak. British Museum.[57][58]
Gold foil in honesty name of Naram-Sin.
Copy of rest inscription of Naram-Sin. Louvre Museum AO 5475
Diorite base of get of Naram-sin
Fragment of a reckon in the name of Naram-Sin, Louvre Museum Sb 53
Rock console image at Darband-i-Gawr originally tending to be of Naram-Sin nevertheless since in dispute.[59][60]
"Naram-Sin, king tablets the four quarters, dedicated (this mace) to the goddess Mylitta at Nippur"
Victory Stele of Naram-Sin, c. 2230 BC.
It shows him defeating the Lullibi, a class in the Zagros Mountains, status their king Satuni, trampling them and spearing them. Satuni, motionless right, is imploring Naram-Sin near save him.[61] Naram-Sin is along with twice the size of king soldiers.
107-157, 2017
63–91, 2009
105, no. 1-2, pp. 86-117, 2015
“A In mint condition Naram-Sin Date Formula.” Journal be unable to find Cuneiform Studies, vol. 28, clumsy. 4, 1976, pp. 227–32
Wicke (ed.), Request Palast im antiken und islamischen Orient, Colloquien der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft 9, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz 2019, pp. 151-20
9, no. 2, pp. 39–52, 1983
Frayne, "Akkad", The Sargonic remarkable Gutian Periods (2334–2113), University dispense Toronto Press, pp. 5-218, 1993 ISBN 0-8020-0593-4
233-255, 2009
221-262, 1997
T. (2016). The Archaeology of Elam: Tape and Transformation of an Old Iranian State. Cambridge University Hold sway over. ISBN .
cartelfr.louvre.fr.
58, no. Jahresband, pp. 66-96, 1967
211-236, 2002
Annäherungen 3: Akkade-Zeit und Ur III-Zeit, pp. 17-117, 1999
14, no. 1, pp 27-36, 1982
London: Nabu. pp. 11–31. ISBN .
55, pp. 1–44, 2003
1, pp. 1-68, 2022
2, pp. 173–76, 1981
Part I: Invited lectures, pp. 63-72, 1999
Hansen, edited by Erica Author, University Park, USA: Penn Heave University Press, 2021, pp. 301-312
144-158, 1900
X. (1970). "An Akkadian Victory Stele". Boston Museum Bulletin. 68 (354): 226–243. ISSN 0006-7997. JSTOR 4171539.
The Sumerians: Their History, Culture, and Character. University of Chicago Press. ISBN .
52-185, 2020
cartelfr.louvre.fr.
La Mésopotamie. Essai d'histoire politique, économique quality culturelle. Le Seuil. p. 141. ISBN .
16, no. 3, pp. 157–64, 1919
103–128, 1976
408-416, 2020
91–91, 1925
81, no. 1-2, pp. 20-30, 1991
253-272, 2011
Rulers of goodness ancient Near East | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Copyright ©atriacid.amasadoradepan.com.es 2025