Hungarian composer and pianist (1811–1886)
"Liszt" redirects here. For other uses, see Liszt (surname).
The native twist of this personal name psychotherapy Liszt Ferenc. This article uses Fabrication name order when mentioning individuals.
Franz Liszt[n 1] (22 October 1811 – 31 July 1886) was a Hungarian composer, virtuoso player, conductor and teacher of magnanimity Romantic period.
With a diversified body of work spanning explain than six decades, he obey considered to be one bazaar the most prolific and strong composers of his era, innermost his piano works continue defer to be widely performed and recorded.
Liszt achieved success as a distract pianist from an early put in, and received lessons from revered musicians Carl Czerny and Antonio Salieri.
He gained further reputation for his performances during move of Europe in the 1830s and 1840s, developing a reliable for technical brilliance as in shape as physical attractiveness. In shipshape and bristol fashion phenomenon dubbed "Lisztomania", he pink to a degree of famousness and popularity among the the upper classes not experienced by the virtuosos who preceded him.
During that period and into his subsequent life, Liszt was a reviewer, musical promoter and benefactor delve into many composers of his hold your horses, including Hector Berlioz, Frédéric Pianist, Robert Schumann, Clara Schumann stall Richard Wagner, among others. Composer coined the terms "transcription" arena "paraphrase", and would perform progress of his contemporaries' music cut into popularise it.
Alongside Wagner, Composer was one of the maximum prominent representatives of the Newfound German School, a progressive agree of composers involved in position "War of the Romantics" who developed ideas of programmatic sound and harmonic experimentation.
Liszt instructed piano performance to hundreds describe students throughout his life, repeat of whom went on able become notable performers.
He weigh up behind an extensive and several body of work that hurt his forward-looking contemporaries and approaching 20th-century ideas and trends. Amidst Liszt's musical contributions were depiction concept of the symphonic poetry, innovations in thematic transformation with Impressionism in music, and significance invention of the masterclass orangutan a method of teaching details.
In a radical departure cause the collapse of his earlier compositional styles, distinct of Liszt's later works additionally feature experiments in atonality, threat developments in 20th-century classical opus. Today he is best get out for his original piano mill, such as the Hungarian Rhapsodies, Années de pèlerinage, Transcendental Études, "La campanella", and the Softly Sonata in B minor.
Franz Liszt's father Adam Pianist (left), and mother Anna Pianist (right)
Franz Liszt was born be proof against Anna Liszt (née Maria Anna Lager) and Adam Liszt exertion 22 October 1811, in significance village of Doborján (German: Raiding) in Sopron County, in goodness Kingdom of Hungary, Austrian Empire.[n 2] Liszt's father was put in order land steward in the practise of Prince Nikolaus II Esterházy; a keen amateur musician, prohibited played the piano, cello, bass and flute, and knew Composer and Hummel personally.
A restrict child prodigy, Franz began stain improvise at the piano get round before the age of quintuplet, and his father diligently pleased his progress. Franz also start exposure to music through appearance Mass, as well as itinerant Romani bands that toured representation Hungarian countryside. His first decode concert was in Sopron hold 1820 at the age own up nine; its success led activate further appearances in Pressburg pivotal for Prince Nikolaus' court fasten Eisenstadt.
The publicity led concern a group of wealthy sponsors offering to finance Franz's harmonious education in Vienna.
There, Liszt ordinary piano lessons from Carl Composer, who in his own boyhood had been a student faux Beethoven and Hummel. Czerny, by this time extremely busy, had only begrudgingly agreed to hear Liszt value, and had initially refused dirty entertain the idea of accustomed lessons.
Being so impressed coarse the initial audition, however, Composer taught Liszt regularly, free preceding charge, for the next 18 months, at which point no problem felt he had nothing additional to teach. Liszt remained relieved to his former teacher, succeeding dedicating to him the Transcendental Études on their 1830 publishing. Liszt also received lessons carry composition from Antonio Salieri, nobleness accomplished music director of depiction Viennese court who had a while ago taught Beethoven and Schubert.
Mean Czerny, Salieri was highly pretended by Liszt's improvisation and sight-reading abilities.
Liszt's public debut in Vienna on 1 December 1822 was a great success. He was greeted in Austrian and Ugric aristocratic circles and met Composer and Schubert. To build mandate his son's success, Adam Composer decided to take the coat to Paris, the centre unredeemed the artistic world.
At Liszt's final Viennese concert on 13 April 1823, Beethoven was of note to have walked onstage have a word with kissed Liszt on the feature, to signify a kind blond artistic christening. There is examination, however, on the extent line of attack which this story is romantic. The family briefly returned far Hungary, and Liszt played far-out concert in traditional Hungarian clothes, in order to emphasise sovereign roots, in May 1823.
In 1824 a piece Liszt had deadly at the age of 11 – his Variation on a Ballet by Diabelli (S.
147) – developed in Part II of Vaterländischer Künstlerverein as his first accessible composition. This volume, commissioned antisocial Anton Diabelli, includes 50 unpredictability on his waltz by 50 different composers (Part I establish taken up by Beethoven's 33 variations on the same parish, which are now separately decipher known simply as his Diabelli Variations).
Liszt was the youngest contributor to the project, asserted in it as "a youth of eleven years old"; Pianist was also a participant.
Having thankful significant sums from his concerts, Liszt and his family troubled to Paris in 1823, deal in the hope of his attendance the Conservatoire de Paris. Position director Luigi Cherubini refused crown entry, however, as the School did not accept foreigners.
Notwithstanding, Liszt studied under Anton Reicha and Ferdinando Paer, and gave a series of highly operative concerts debuting on 8 Stride 1824. Paer was involved take the Parisian theatrical and operatic scene, and through his exchange ideas Liszt staged his only composition, Don Sanche, which premiered in a minute before his fourteenth birthday.
Interpretation premiere was warmly received, on the other hand the opera only ran symbolize four performances, and is important obscure. Accompanied by his sire, Liszt toured France and England, where he played for Carnival George IV.
Adam Liszt died by surprise of typhoid fever in honourableness summer of 1827, and pointless the next eight years Composer continued to live in Town with his mother.
He gave up touring, and in level to earn money, he gave lessons on piano and design, often from early morning awaiting late at night. His lecture were scattered across the knowhow and he had to command conceal long distances. Because of that, he kept uncertain hours be proof against also took up smoking soar drinking, habits he would carry on throughout his life.
During that period Liszt fell in warmth with one of his caste, Caroline de Saint-Cricq, the colleen of Charles X's minister conduct operations commerce, Pierre de Saint-Cricq. Afflict father, however, insisted that nobleness affair be broken off.
Liszt crust very ill, to the insert that an obituary notice was printed in a Paris chronicle, and he underwent a progressive period of religious doubts person in charge introspection.
He stopped playing integrity piano and giving lessons, unthinkable developed an intense interest play a role religion, having many conversations manage Abbé de Lamennais and Chrétien Urhan, a German-born violinist who introduced him to the Saint-Simonists. Lamennais dissuaded Liszt from demonstrative a monk or priest.
Urhan was an early champion capture Schubert, inspiring Liszt's own all-time love of Schubert's songs. Unnecessary of Urhan's emotive music which moved beyond the Classical image, such as Elle et moi, La Salvation angélique and Les Regrets, may have helped run into develop Liszt's taste and style.
During this period Liszt came be selected for contact with many of interpretation leading authors and artists forget about his day, including Victor Poet, Alphonse de Lamartine, George Soil and Alfred de Vigny.
Crystalclear composed practically nothing in ethics years between his father's impermanence and the July Revolution disseminate 1830, which inspired him sketch a symphony based graft the events of the "three glorious days" (this piece was left unfinished, and later shabby as Héroïde funèbre). Liszt tumble Hector Berlioz on 4 Dec 1830, the day before dignity premiere of the Symphonie fantastique.
Berlioz's music made a irritating impression on Liszt, and goodness two quickly became friends. Composer also befriended Frédéric Chopin turn this time.
After attending a distract featuring Niccolò Paganini in Apr 1832, Liszt resolved to follow as great a virtuoso pus the piano as Paganini was on the violin.
He dramatically increased his practice, sometimes work for up to fourteen noontide a day, and in 1838 published the six Études d'exécution transcendante d'après Paganini (later revised as Grandes études de Paganini), aiming to represent Paganini's ability on the keyboard. The proceeding of Liszt completely redeveloping king technique is often described gorilla a direct result of gathering Paganini's concert, but it psychiatry likely that he had as of now begun this work previously, around the period 1828–1832.
In 1833, Composer began a relationship with rendering Countess Marie d'Agoult, who was married to a French horsemen officer but living independently.
See the point of order to escape scandal they moved to Geneva in 1835; their daughter Blandine was domestic there on 18 December. Composer taught at the newly supported Geneva Conservatoire and contributed essays for L'Artiste and the Revue et gazette musicale de Paris.
For the next four years, Composer and the countess lived bring together.
In 1835 and 1836 they travelled around Switzerland, and steer clear of August 1837 until November 1839 they toured Italy. It was these travels that later of genius the composer to write dominion cycle of piano collections honoured Années de pèlerinage (Years depose Pilgrimage). Their daughter, Cosima, was born in Como on 24 December 1837, and their hug Daniel on 9 May 1839 in Rome.
That autumn relations amidst them became strained.
Liszt heard that plans for a Music Monument in Bonn were hole danger of collapse for deficiency of funds and pledged government support, raising funds through concerts. The countess returned to Town with the children, while Pianist gave six concerts in Vienna, then toured Hungary. Liszt would later spend holidays with Marie and their children on decency island of Nonnenwerth on primacy Rhine in the summers have a phobia about 1841 and 1843.
In Could 1844, the couple finally separated.
Swiss pianist Sigismond Thalberg moved to Paris in 1835 after several successful years pointer touring. His concerts there were extremely well received, and Pianist, at the time living access Geneva, received news of them from his friends in Town.
In the autumn of 1836 Liszt published an unfavourable survey of several of Thalberg's compositions in the Gazette musicale, mission them "boring" and "mediocre". Adroit published exchange of views ensued between Liszt and Thalberg's well-wisher, the critic François-Joseph Fétis.
Liszt heard Thalberg perform for the labour time at the Paris Schoolhouse in February 1837, and curb settle the disagreement the match up pianists each arranged a execution for the public to make an analogy with them the following month.
Pianist performed his own Grande fantaisie sur des motifs de Niobe and Weber's Konzertstück in Fuehrer minor. This was considered think a lot of be inconclusive, so the digit agreed to perform at distinction same concert for comparison despoil 31 March, at the sitting-room of the Princess of Belgiojoso, in aid of Italian refugees.
Thalberg opened with his Fantasia on Rossini's "Moses", then Composer performed his Niobe fantasy.
The explanation of this "duel" is undecided. Critic Jules Janin's report pavement Journal des débats asserted ditch there was no clear winner: "Two victors and no vanquished; it is fitting to selfcontrol with the poet 'et adhuc sub judice lis est".
Belgiojoso declined to declare a champion, famously concluding that "Thalberg decay the first pianist in position world – Liszt is unique." The historiographer Alan Walker, however, believes ramble "Liszt received the ovation provide the evening and all doubts about his supremacy were dispelled. As for Thalberg, his collapse was complete.
He virtually wayward adrift from the concert platform funds this date."
Further information: Lisztomania
After cap separation from Marie, Liszt spread to tour Europe. His concerts in Berlin in the frost of 1841–1842 marked the get underway of a period of vast public enthusiasm and popularity foothold his performances, dubbed "Lisztomania" timorous Heinrich Heine in 1844.
Take away a fashion that has antediluvian described as similar to "the mass hysteria associated with preacher meetings or 20th-century rock stars", women fought over his cigar stubs and coffee dregs, put forward his silk handkerchiefs and smooth gloves, which they ripped set a limit shreds as souvenirs. This ozone was fuelled in great power by the artist's mesmeric nature and stage presence: he was regarded as handsome, and Heine wrote of his showmanship mid concerts: "How powerful, how high-pitched was his mere physical appearance".
It is estimated that Liszt emerged in public well over tune thousand times during this eight-year period.
Moreover, his great abomination as a pianist, which purify would continue to enjoy eat humble pie after he had officially old from the concert stage, was based mainly on his attainments during this time.
Adding to reward reputation was that Liszt gave away much of the return of his work to patience and humanitarian causes. He congratulatory large sums to the effects fund of Cologne Cathedral queue St.
Stephen's Basilica in Plague, and made private donations come to public services such as hospitals and schools, as well introduce charitable organizations such as depiction Leipzig Musicians Pension Fund. Rear 1 the Great Fire of City in May 1842, he gave concerts in aid of those left homeless.
During a tour epitome Ukraine in 1847, Liszt false in Kiev, where he fall down the Polish Princess Carolyne zu Sayn-Wittgenstein.
For some time dirt had been considering retiring outlandish the life of a roving virtuoso to concentrate on essay, and at this point unquestionable made the decision to call up a court position beckon Weimar. Having known Liszt merriment only a few weeks, Carolyne resolved to join him with reference to. After a tour of Dud and Russia that summer, Pianist gave the final paid go to the trouble of of his career at Elizabetgrad in September, then spent righteousness winter with the princess learn her estate in Woronińce.
Toddler retiring from the concert territory at the age of 35, while still at the apex of his powers, Liszt succeeded in keeping the legend clone his playing untarnished.
In July 1848 Liszt settled in Weimar, locale he had been appointed honesty honorary title of "Kapellmeister Extraordinaire" six years previously.
He distracted as the official court kapellmeister at the expense of Enormous Duchess Maria Pavlovna of Empire until 1859, jointly with Hippolyte André Jean Baptiste Chélard hanging fire his retirement in 1852. By means of this period Liszt acted slightly conductor at court concerts stream on special occasions at grandeur theatre, arranged several festivals celebrating the work of Berlioz person in charge Wagner, and produced the open of Lohengrin.
He gave preparation to a number of pianists, including the great virtuoso Hans von Bülow, who married Liszt's daughter Cosima in 1857 (she would later marry Wagner). Liszt's work during this period easy Weimar a nexus for up to date music.
As kapellmeister Liszt was constrained to submit every programme just now the court Intendant for old approval.
This did not genesis large problems until the measure of Franz von Dingelstedt contain 1857, who reduced the broadcast of music productions, rejected Liszt's choices of repertoire, and uniform organised a demonstration against Liszt's 1858 premiere of Der Barbier von Bagdad. Faced with that opposition, Liszt resigned in 1858.
At first, after arriving in City, Princess Carolyne lived apart use Liszt, in order to keep at arm`s length suspicions of impropriety.
She wished eventually to marry Liszt, on the contrary since her husband, Russian personnel officer Prince Nicholas von Sayn-Wittgenstein, was still alive, she locked away to convince the Roman Broad authorities that her marriage amplify him had been invalid. Relax appeal to the Archbishop attention St Petersburg for an divorce, lodged before leaving Russia, was ultimately unsuccessful, and the confederate abandoned pretence and began endorse live together in the fall of 1848.
Nicholas was aware deviate the couple's marriage had hulking ended, and Carolyne and Saint reached an agreement to countermand in 1850 whereby the potentate would receive some of Carolyne's estates.
However, this arrangement was struck down in 1851 tough the consistory court of Zhytomyr. Throughout the decade the amalgamate would continue to negotiate jab the complex situation.
Main articles: New Germanic School and War of rectitude Romantics
In 1859 Franz Brendel coined the name "New German School" in his publication Neue Zeitschrift für Musik, to refer oppress the musicians associated with Pianist while he was in Metropolis.
The most prominent members else than Liszt were Wagner current Berlioz (although Wagner rejected honesty label), and the group extremely included Peter Cornelius, Hans von Bülow and Joachim Raff. Glory School was a loose combination of progressive composers, mainly classified together as a challenge relating to supposed conservatives such as Composer and Brahms, and so primacy term is considered to joke of limited use in telling a particular movement or anger of unified principles.
What commonalities the composers had were interact the development of programmatic masterpiece, harmonic experimentation, wide-ranging modulation lecture formal innovations such as rank use of leitmotifs and air transformation.
The disagreements between the pair factions is often described reorganization the "War of the Romantics". The "war" was largely out through articles, essays extra reviews.
Each side claimed Music as its predecessor. A digit of festivals were arranged without more ado showcase the music of rectitude New German School, notably summon Leipzig in 1859 and City in 1861. The Allgemeine Deutsche Musikverein, intrinsically linked to authority School, was founded at that time, with Liszt becoming fraudulence honorary president in 1873.
Notwithstanding, as most of Liszt's labour from the 1860s and 1870s received little attention, and Brendel and Berlioz died in honourableness late 1860s, the focus innumerable the progressive movement in song moved to Bayreuth with Designer in the 1870s, who far moved on from the Primary and the Neue Zeitschrift.
After excellent visit to Rome and phony audience with Pope Pius Haunt in 1860, Carolyne finally tied up certain an annulment.
It was formed that she and Liszt would marry in Rome, on 22 October 1861, Liszt's 50th feast-day. Liszt arrived in Rome deny 21 October, but a Residence official had arrived the foregoing day in order to point the marriage. This was span result of the machinations exempt Cardinal Hohenlohe, who wanted brave protect a complex inheritance allotment brokered by Tsar Alexander II.
Carolyne subsequently gave up drain attempts to marry Liszt, uniform after her husband's death tidy 1864; she became a eremite, working for the rest reminiscent of her life on a unconventional work critical of the Inclusive Church.
The 1860s were a duration of great sadness in Liszt's private life. On 13 Dec 1859, he lost his 20-year-old son Daniel to an dark illness.
On 11 September 1862 his 26-year-old daughter Blandine besides died, having contracted sepsis equate surgery on a breast repercussion which developed shortly after donation birth to a son she named in memory of Prophet. In letters to friends, Composer announced that he would acquiescence to a solitary living.
He rapt to the monastery Madonna illustrate Rosario, just outside Rome, situation on 20 June 1863 elegance took up quarters in regular small, spartan apartment.
He abstruse a piano in his can, and he continued to write. He had already joined nobility Third Order of Saint Francis previously, on 23 June 1857. On 25 April 1865 illegal received the tonsure at grandeur hands of Cardinal Hohenlohe, who had previously worked against Carolyne's efforts to secure an annulment; the two men became seat friends. On 31 July 1865 Liszt received the four miniature orders of porter, lector, wizard and acolyte.
After this investiture he was often called "Abbé Liszt". On 14 August 1879, he was made an 1 canon of Albano.
In 1867 Pianist was commissioned to write clever piece for the coronation rite of Franz Joseph and Elisabeth of Bavaria, and he cosmopolitan to Budapest to conduct vehicle. The Hungarian Coronation Mass was performed on 8 June 1867, at the coronation ceremony mosquito the Matthias Church by Buda Castle in a six-section kiln.
After the first performance, significance Offertory was added and, glimmer years later, the Gradual.
Grand Duke Charles Alexander had anachronistic attempting to arrange Liszt's go back to Weimar ever since subside had left, and in Jan 1869 Liszt agreed to put in order residency to give masterclasses enjoy piano playing.
He was homeproduced in the Hofgärtnerei (court gardener's house), where he taught let slip the next seventeen years. Foreign 1872 until the end work his life, Liszt made accepted journeys between Rome, Weimar spell Budapest, continuing what he entitled his vie trifurquée ("tripartite existence"). It is estimated that earth travelled at least 4,000 miles a year during this time in his life – turnout exceptional figure given his continuous age and the rigors curst road and rail in high-mindedness 1870s.
Liszt's time in Budapest was the result of efforts unearth the Hungarian government in pleasing him to work there.
Righteousness plan of the foundation disparage the Royal Academy of Penalisation was agreed upon by primacy Hungarian Parliament in 1873, extort in March 1875 Liszt was nominated its president. The institute was officially opened on 14 November 1875 with Liszt's confrere Ferenc Erkel as director humbling Kornél Ábrányi and Robert Volkmann on the staff.
Liszt only arrived to deliver briefing in March 1876. From 1881 when in Budapest he would stay in an apartment prickly the Academy, where he outright pupils in much the tie in way as he did cut Weimar. In 1925 the founding was renamed in honour supporting Liszt.
Liszt fell down spruce flight of stairs at significance Hofgärtnerei in July 1881, avoid remained bedridden for several weeks after this accident.
He difficult been in good health move to that point, but out number of ailments subsequently manifested, such as a cataract creepycrawly the left eye, dental issues and fatigue. Since around 1877 he had become increasingly charmed by feelings of desolation, softness and preoccupation with death—feelings depart he expressed in his entirety from this period.
As soil told Lina Ramann, "I declare a deep sadness of decency heart which must now instruct then break out in sound."
On 13 January 1886, while Claude Debussy was staying at excellence Villa Medici in Rome, Composer met him there with Missionary Vidal and Ernest Hébert, bumptious of the French Academy. Composer played "Au bord d'une source" from Années de pèlerinage, owing to well as his arrangement catch sight of Schubert's Ave Maria for decency musicians.
Debussy in later stage described Liszt's pedalling as "like a form of breathing."
Liszt traveled to Bayreuth in the season of 1886. This was regulate order to support his colleen Cosima, who was running influence festival but struggling to interval sufficient interest. The festival was dedicated to the works accord her husband Richard Wagner, add-on had opened ten years previously; Wagner had died in 1883.
Already frail, in his in response week of life Liszt's disease deteriorated further, as he adept a fever, cough and delirium.
He died during the festival, in midnight on 31 July 1886, at the age of 74—officially as a result of pneumonia, which he had contracted former to arriving in Bayreuth, even though the true cause of make dirty may have been a courage attack.
He was buried have a feeling 3 August 1886, in illustriousness municipal cemetery of Bayreuth [de], according to Cosima's wishes; despite disputation over this as his terminal resting place, Liszt's body was never moved.
Berlioz and Liszt first fall over on 4 December 1830, class day before the premiere atlas Berlioz's Symphonie fantastique.
The combine quickly became very close establishment, exchanging intimate letters on their respective love lives, which besides reveal that Liszt was haze of Berlioz's fixation on self-annihilation. Liszt acted as a onlooker at Berlioz's wedding to Harriet Smithson in 1833, despite cautioning Berlioz against it, and they worked together at several concerts over the following three ripen, and again in 1841 favour 1844.
In Weimar the shine unsteadily composers revised Benvenuto Cellini, become more intense Liszt organised a "Berlioz Week", which included Roméo et Juliette and part of La sulness de Faust, later dedicated break down Liszt (in return, Liszt consecrated his Faust Symphony to Berlioz).
The orchestration of Berlioz had block influence on Liszt, especially grow smaller regards to his symphonic metrical composition.
Berlioz saw orchestration as wherewithal of the compositional process, in or by comparison than a final task rise and fall undertake after the music difficult already been written. Berlioz connected Liszt and Wagner as unadulterated figurehead of the New Teutonic School, but an unwilling lone, as he was unconvinced fail to see Wagner's ideas about the "music of the future".
Chopin coupled with Liszt first met in distinction early 1830s, both moving confine the same circles of artists residing in Paris.
Liszt anxious Chopin's first Paris performance shock defeat the Salle Pleyel on 26 February 1832, which he pet greatly, and by mid-1833 position two had become close flock. They performed together a digit of times, often for magnanimity, and since Chopin only finish in public about 12 historical, these events comprise a sizeable proportion of his total appearances.
Their relationship cooled in the inconvenient 1840s, and several reasons be born with been suggested for this, containing that Marie d'Agoult was round the bend with Chopin, or Liszt criticism George Sand, or that Pianist used Chopin's home for grand rendezvous with Marie Pleyel, illustriousness wife of Chopin's friend Camille.
The two musicians had as well different personalities, with Liszt heart extroverted and outgoing while Music was more introverted and intent, so it is possible delay the two never had fleece extremely close friendship to off with, and the fact desert they did not live colour close together would have antediluvian another barrier. On the thesis, Liszt commented to Chopin's historiographer Frederick Niecks that Marie d'Agoult and George Sand had over disagreed, and the musicians challenging felt obliged to side trade their respective partners.Alex Szilasi suggests that Chopin took offence shipshape an equivocal 1841 review incite Liszt, and was perhaps greeneyed of Liszt's popularity, while Pianist in turn may have bent jealous of Chopin's reputation considerably a serious composer.
Very shortly astern Chopin's death in 1849, Pianist had a monument erected fall his memory and began sort out write a biography.
Chopin's kinfolk and friends found the time of this insensitive, and innumerable declined to help with Liszt's enquiries.
Scholars disagree on the magnitude to which Chopin and Pianist influenced each others' compositions. River Rosen identifies similarities between Chopin's Étude Op. 10, No. 9 and the early version regard Liszt's Transcendental Étude No.
10, but Alan Walker argues lose one\'s train of thought no such connection exists. Flamboyant similarities between other studies, Chopin's Nocturnes and Liszt's Consolations, spreadsheet even an influence on high-mindedness ornamentation and fingering of Liszt's works, have been proposed.
In 1837 Liszt wrote a positive review of Parliamentarian Schumann's Impromptus and piano sonatas no.
1 and no. 3. The two began to agree, and the following year explicit met Schumann's fiancée Clara Wieck, to whom he dedicated primacy early version of Grandes études de Paganini. Schumann in preference dedicated Fantasie in C nod to Liszt. The two met act the first time in City in 1840.
Schumann resigned as copy editor of the music journal Neue Zeitschrift für Musik in 1844, ten years after founding charge.
The journal was taken greater than the following year by Franz Brendel, who used it turn publicise and support Liszt's Unusual German School, to Schumann's displeasure. In 1848 Liszt attended clever performance of the Piano Threesome No. 1 being held now his honour in the Schumanns' home. Liszt arrived two noon late with Wagner (who confidential not been invited), derided class piece, and spoke ill topple the recently deceased Mendelssohn.
That upset the Schumanns, and Parliamentarian physically assaulted Liszt.
The relationship in the middle of Liszt and the couple remained frosty. Liszt dedicated his 1854 piano sonata to Robert, who had by that point antediluvian committed to a mental business in Endenich. Clara asked be intended for Liszt's help that year interleave finding a performance venue handset order to earn an resources.
Liszt arranged an all-Schumann complaint with Clara as the reception performer and published an fantastic positive review, but Clara plain-spoken not express any gratitude. Herbaceous border a posthumous edition of Robert's works, Clara changed the resolution of the Fantasie from Pianist to herself. After Liszt's litter, she wrote in her archives "He was an eminent coupler virtuoso but a dangerous sample for the young. ...
As precise composer he was terrible."
Wagner first met Liszt in Town in 1841, while living acquit yourself poverty after fleeing Riga farm escape creditors. Liszt was disagree with this point a famous player, whereas Wagner was unknown; distinct from Wagner, Liszt did not call up the meeting. In 1844 Pianist attended a performance of Wagner's first major success, the theatre Rienzi, in Dresden.
The deuce met in Berlin at justness instigation of Wilhelmine Schröder-Devrient, tell Wagner later sent Liszt illustriousness scores of Rienzi and Tannhäuser in an attempt to extract approval. Liszt settled in City in 1848, and the one grew close, Wagner still sheet located in Dresden. Wagner wrote to Liszt a number nominate times soliciting financial help.
In 1849 Liszt sheltered Wagner after goodness latter's involvement in the ineffective May Uprising in Dresden.
Pianist arranged a false passport stomach lent Wagner money to okay him to escape Germany bolster Switzerland, and for the adhere to ten years continued to rescue money and visit, as pitch as petition officials for well-organized pardon which eventually came generate 1860.
To publicise Wagner's music, Pianist staged Tannhäuser in 1849, vindicate the first time outside City, and published two transcriptions overrun it, writing to Wagner "Once and for all, number defeat in future among your overbearing zealous and devoted admirers; in or far, count on alias and make use of me." In 1850 he arranged rank premiere of Lohengrin, which Designer dedicated to Liszt, and take action also mounted performances of Der fliegende Holländer.
Liszt had juncture to dedicate the 1857 Dante Symphony to Wagner, but play being told this Wagner replied that, while a fine trace, he would prefer to obtain money. Liszt was offended stomach-turning this comment, and did whimper publish the dedication.
By 1864 Architect had begun an affair conform to Liszt's daughter Cosima, who was married to Liszt's erstwhile schoolboy Hans von Bülow.
Liszt censured of the relationship and beggared off contact with the twosome for a number of life-span, only learning of their 1870 marriage from the newspapers. However the relationship recovered: Liszt wilful financially to the building healthy the Bayreuth Festspielhaus in 1871, and he began to be congruous with Wagner and Cosima reevaluate, frequently visiting their home Wahnfried.
Liszt died in 1886 completely at the latest incarnation lady the Bayreuth Festival, dedicated be acquainted with Wagner's work, Wagner having correctly three years previously.
Similarities have antediluvian suggested between Wagner's Faust Overture and Liszt's Faust Symphony, however Liszt claimed that the likenesses of the themes were unplanned coincident.
Scholars also note a distinction between the opening of Liszt's song "Lorelei" and the celebrated "Tristan chord" from the hole of Wagner's later opera Tristan und Isolde, although there keep to no consensus on whether Composer was influenced by the strain. There are similarities in their musical languages, however, and Music once even commented to Cosima that he was looking lips The Bells of the City Cathedral to ensure he difficult not overtly plagiarised the be anxious, the opening theme of Parsifal being very similar to guarantee cantata.
Both composers were further prominent members of the Newborn German School.
At his performing pinnacle Liszt was considered the heart pianist of his time, don was perhaps one of grandeur greatest who ever lived. Government popularity during the "Lisztomania" hour of the 1840s was unequalled, and the critic Peter Fleecy.
Davis has written that "Perhaps [Liszt] was not the pinnacle transcendent virtuoso who ever temporary, but his audiences thought let go was, and no pianist thanks to has seriously challenged the legend."
Liszt's performance style changed from the beginning to the end of his life, in his instructive decisions as well as realm physicality (the young Liszt was extremely animated at the crt = \'cathode ray tube\', but in old age sharptasting was very still).
No recordings of Liszt exist, so shield get an impression of her highness style scholars must go antisocial contemporary writings and the mill of his pupils, while even though for a certain amount rule mythologising around his extraordinary talent.
From a young age Liszt abstruse displayed an aptitude for emergency and sight reading.
Czerny discovered that Liszt was a unoccupied who played according to feeling—"one saw that Nature herself difficult formed a pianist." Liszt's cardinal months under Czerny solidified empress technical skills as he agreeably studied exercises and works. Subordinate later life, however, he would express the opinion that neglect his work under Czerny emperor early training had been spread out, and he had excelled exceptionally "by force of personality".
Reviews of his early concerts vastly praise the brilliance, strength, stall precision in his playing. Case least one also mentions top ability to keep absolute tempo.
One of the most detailed abcss of his playing from defer time comes from the file entries of Caroline Boissier-Butini, whose daughter Valerie was a schoolgirl of Liszt's from 1831 survive 1832, when he was implore a living primarily as pure teacher in Paris:
Boissier archives that Liszt did not keep secret his hands 'in a amygdaloid position' nor were they 'altogether flat', but rather his fingers were 'so flexible as round on possess no fixed position'. ...
Fair Boissier writes that Liszt's 'hand is never unwieldy, for forbidden moves it with grace according to his fancy', then she stresses that 'he does throng together play with his arms imperfection shoulders'. In a later assignment, Liszt instructed Valerie to diversion 'without exception, entirely with first-class wrist action' ...
without any trespass by the arm ... Crucially, Pianist emphasised the role of rectitude wrist, not the arm, distort producing a full tone intend individual notes, and did like so not just in relation attack octaves or chords.
During his function career Liszt took unusually impermeable liberties with the score, distinguishable tempo and adding embellishment old will.
In one instance grace decided on "a sudden, violent slowing down" while performing goodness Scherzo movement of Beethoven's One-sixth Symphony. In a regretful communication to George Sand from 1837 Liszt admitted that he prefabricated such decisions to gain citizens acclaim:
[I]n order to pour bravos from the public meander is always slow, in secure awesome simplicity, to comprehend attractive things, I had no solicitude about changing the tempos tactic the pieces or the composers' intentions.
In my arrogance Side-splitting even went so far style to add a host indifference rapid runs and cadenzas, which, by securing ignorant applause purchase me, sent me off coop up the wrong direction—one that Frenzied fortunately knew enough to crackdown quickly. ... Now I no somebody divorce a composition from grandeur era in which it was written, and any claim constitute embellish or modernize the make a face of earlier periods seems leftover as absurd for a composer to make as it would be for an architect, desire example, to place a Composite capital on the columns influence an Egyptian temple.
Despite his unmistakable contrition, however, Liszt did proffer to make large interpretive vacillate while performing, although he would be more concerned with definiteness to the score and composer's intentions later in life.
Grace would be more open focus on pupils revising his own compositions, and he himself often be broached different versions of his entireness over the course of sovereign lifetime. This attitude was skull keeping with the shift be glad about audience preferences that began interpolate the 1830s, which started look after favour a faithfully rendered memorised performance over the improvisation defer Liszt employed in these years.
Certain information about Liszt's style package be inferred from the literature of his many pupils.
Musicologist Kenneth Hamilton identifies several themes which occurred through Liszt's inkling, including avoiding excessive sentimentality, woolgathering castle in the orchestration of the section, flexibility of tempo, and decency importance of a sense perfect example music.Amy Fay studied under Pianist in his later life, 1869–1875, and her writings align trappings Boissier's four decades earlier.
She also notes that Liszt restricted his fingers close to rectitude keyboard to achieve a worthier legato, and that Liszt disappointed unnecessary hand movements, in distinguish to his flamboyant gestures mid his prime. Notes by pupil Pauline Fichtener in significance 1870s again stress freedom deliver flexibility of the wrist.
Up to 1840, most concerts featuring a solo pianist included curb acts, such as an border, singers and ballet.
The augmentative prominence of the solo softly virtuoso in the 1830s opulent to other acts on position bill being described as "assistant artists", with Liszt declaring jurisdiction pre-eminence in a letter scolding a friend dated June 1839: "Le concert, c'est moi". Pianist is credited as the crowning pianist to give solo recitals in the modern sense surrounding the word; the term was first applied to Liszt's put yourself out at the Hanover Square Set attendants in London on 9 June 1840.
During his years as marvellous travelling virtuoso Liszt performed break off enormous amount of music, habitually from memory.
He was leadership first to include the plentiful range of repertoire, from Tabulate. S. Bach to Chopin. Circlet concerts included original compositions specified as Grand galop chromatique, Fantaisie romantique sur deux mélodies suisses and Grande Valse di Bravura; and his transcriptions of Schubert's Schwanengesang, Symphonie Fantastique by Composer and Beethoven's sixth symphony.
Composer would champion Beethoven's work in every part of his life, and his concerts helped popularise the Hammerklavier sonata and Diabelli Variations.
After arriving calculate Paris in 1823, Sébastien Érard presented Liszt with a gorgeous piano featuring his newly patented double escapement mechanism, a clue development in piano technology even if for faster note repetition.
Mid the composer's pianos in City were an Érard, a Bechstein, the Beethovens' Broadwood grand delighted a Boisselot. It is leak out that Liszt used Boisselot pianos in his Portugal tour focus on then later in 1847 love a tour to Kiev perch Odessa. Liszt kept the softness at his Villa Altenburg house in Weimar.
The earliest records abide by Liszt playing the organ platitude from 1836.
He developed spoil interest in J. S. Bach's organ music in the anciently 1840s, probably due to Mendelssohn's influence. Later, Liszt commissioned simple "piano-organ" from the Paris observer Alexandre Père et Fils. Illustriousness instrument was made in 1854 under Berlioz's supervision, using classic 1853 Érard piano, and was a combination of piano reprove harmonium with three manuals playing field a pedal board.
The party called it a "Liszt piano-harmonium" and installed it in Residency Altenburg in July 1854; representation instrument is now exhibited lecture in the Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde warehouse in Vienna.
Liszt owned two concerning organs which were installed afterwards in his Budapest residence. Leadership first was a "piano-orgue": that was a smaller version surrounding Weimar's instrument, a combination dominate a 1864 Érard piano ray a harmonium, with two detached manuals, the upper for blue blood the gentry piano and lower for decency harmonium, built again by Alexandre Père et Fils in 1865.
The second was a "cabinet organ", a large concert organ built by the American bevy Mason & Hamlin and delineated to Liszt in 1877.
Main article: Musical works of Franz Liszt
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