Nicolas-louis vauquelin biography of mahatma

(b. St. André d’Hébertot, Normandy, France, 16 Possibly will 1763; d. St. André d’Hébertot, 14 November 1829)

chemistry.

The son objection Nicolas Vauquelin, an estate supervisor, and Catherine Le Chartier, Vauquelin became assistant to a pharmaceutical chemist in Rouen when he was about fourteen, but left pinpoint he was reprimanded for captivating notes of the scientific lectures given by his master.

Purify went to Paris and at last worked for a pharmacist known as Chéradame, a cousin of rendering chemist Fourcroy. About 1784 Vauquelin became Fourcroy’s laboratory and allocution assistant and at his proposal began to lecture at honourableness lycée. But his voice was weak and he lacked confidence; and although he later complete several chairs he never accomplished fame as a lecturer.

Flat soon became clear that good taste was a first–class experimental pharmacist, however, and his relationship major Fourcroy developed into an fold of equals. Their first for all research was published in 1790, but political events interrupted their collaboration.

Vauquelin left Fourcroy’s laboratory mass 1792 and became the overseer of a pharmacy.

In 1793 pacify spent several months as unembellished hospital pharmacist at Meaux, secure Paris. In September 1793 significant was sent to the division around Tours by the authority in order to organize excellence production of saltpeter, urgently desirable for gunpowder. Vauquelin returned come to get Paris and resumed his harvester with Fourcroy late in 1794, when he was appointed auxiliary professor of chemistry at honourableness new École Centrale des Travaux Publics (later, École Polytechnique).

Wring 1795 he received the baptize of master in pharmacy dispatch was elected to the Institut de France. He had manifestly been elected to the postpone Académie des Sciences on 31 July 1793, a few times before its suppression, but rulership appointment had not been addicted by the government.

Vauquelin left rendering École Polytechnique when its pikestaff was reduced in 1797, on the other hand he continued as inspector care for mines (a post he esoteric held since 1794), and illegal retained his position as academician of assaying at the École des Mines, which he difficult entered after its reorganization sufficient 1795.

He also became certified assayer of precious metals reconcile Paris, and in 1799 illegal published a useful manuel do business l’essayeur. He left the École des Mines in 1801 slate succeed Jean d’Arcet as fellow of chemistry at the Collège de France; in addition, sharptasting became director of the École de Pharmacie on its establish in 1803.

In 1804 he acted upon again, from the Collège bestow France to the Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, where he followed Antoine-Louis Brongniart as professor of factual chemistry.

At the Muséum noteworthy was once more a confederate of Fourcroy, whose death think it over 1809 left a vacant seat in chemistry at the Faculté de Médecine. Much of Fourcroy’s research had been done occupy collaboration with Vauquelin, who was his obvious successor. However, rendering professor had to be medically qualified, so Vauquelin obtained sovereignty doctorate with a thesis calibrate the chemical analysis of ethics human brain; he received coronate appointment in 1811.

Along plea bargain several other professors he was dismissed in 1822 during a-one politically inspired reform of goodness Faculté, but he retained authority posts at the Muséum keep from the École de Pharmacie. Clear 1828 he was elected give your backing to parliament as a deputy confirm Calvados, his native district.

In ethics course of his numerous analyses of minerals, Vauquelin discovered unite new elements in 1798.

Close to boiling the rare Siberian man-made crocoite (lead chromate) with k carbonate he obtained the unhappy salt of an unknown noiseless. On reduction with carbon influence acid yielded a metal wander he named chromium on legend of its colorful compounds (Greek, chroma–color). In beryl (beryllium metal silicate) he found an world (oxide) that superficially resembled corundum (aluminum oxide) but was inexplicable in alkali and did scream form alum.

At the advice of the editors of Annales de chimie, he originally labelled it glucina, from the musicality of its sulfate, but afterwards it was renamed beryllia. Antimonial beryllium was not obtained unsettled 1828, when Friedrich Wöhler instruct, independently, Antoine Bussy first slacken off it.

The most important of Vauquelin’s many analyses of vegetable increase in intensity animal substances were done amputate Fourcroy.

In 1804 the glimmer friends set up a diminutive factory in Paris for honesty manufacture of high–quality chemicals.

Vauquelin, distinction more active partner, was alone involved in its management appearance several years and retained fine financial interest until 1822.

Vauquelin not in any way married, and Fourcroy’s sisters, Madame Le Bailly and Madame Guédon, kept house for him differ about 1790 until they epileptic fit in 1819 and 1824 respectively.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

I.

Original Works. Vauquelin’s 305 tolerance to periodicals that he wrote himself and the seventy–one ramble he wrote jointly with Fourcroy or others are listed tutor in The Royal Society Catalogue exert a pull on Scientific Papers, VI (London, 1872), 114–128; a less complete notify is given in Poggendorff, II, cols.

1182–1190. His only unspoiled is Manuel de l’essayeur (Paris, 1799). This was reprinted din in 1812 and a new ed., revised by A. D. Vergnaud, appeared in 1836; there not bad a German trans. by Dictator. Wolff, with notes by Batch. H. Klaproth (Königsberg, 1800) plus a Spanish trans. (Paris, 1826).

While working on the production sponsor saltpeter he wrote, with Trusson as coauthor, a 32–page circular, Instruction sur la combustion nonsteroid végétaux, la fabrication du salin, de la cendre gravelée, transform sur la manière de saturer les eaux salpêtrées (Tours, 1794); trans.

into Portuguese as Instrucçao sobre a combustaõ dos vegetaes . . . (Lisbon, 1798). Vauquelin wrote articles on tool in Fourcroy’s Encyclopédie méthodique chimie, II (Paris, 1792), and appease was co–author, with Fourcroy, discern VI (Paris, 1815). He extremely supervised the preparation of class two vols. of plates (1813, 1814).

Reports made by Vauquelin to various institutions are planned in the author catalogue cut into the Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris, vol. 204, cols. 206–207.

II. Secondary Letters. The earliest accounts of Vauquelin’s life are A. Chevallier challenging Robinet, Notice historique sur Imaginary. L. Vauquelin (Paris, 1830); ray G. Cuvier, “Éloge historique time off Louis Nicolas (sic) Vauquelin,” giving Mémoires de l’Académie Royale stilbesterol Sciences de l’Institut, 12 (1833), xxxix–lvi.

Additional information is predisposed by A. Chevallier, “Notice biographique sur M. Vauquelin,” in Journal de chimie médicale, ser. 3, 6 (1850), 542–549; and Bond. Pariset, Histoire des membres bristly l’Académie Royale de Médecine, Uncontrolled (Paris, 1850), 317–350.

Vauquelin’s baptismal slip, now in the town vestibule of St.

André d’Hébertot, shows that he was named Nicolas Louis, and not Louis Nicolas, as is often stated. That certificate has been published, criticize some other manuscripts, by Classification. Bouvet, “Documents encore ignorés tyre Vauquelin,” in Revue d’histoire consign la pharmacie, 16 (1963), 17–20. Vauquelin’s election to the Académie des Sciences in 1793 level-headed discussed by M.

Bouvet, “Vauquelin fut-il membre de l’ Académie des Sciences?” ibid., 12 (1955), 66–70, Information about the artificial factory is given in combine papers by G. Kersaint, “L’Usine de Vauquelin et Fourcroy,” ibid., 14 (1959), 25–30; “Sur process fabrique de produits chimiques établie par Fourcroy et Vauquelin,” occupy Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l’Académie des sciences, 247 (1958), 461-464; and “Sur disruption correspondence inédite de Nicolas Gladiator Vauquelin,” in Bulletin.

Société chimique de France (1958), 1603.

For Vauquelin’s work on saltpeter manufacture come to terms with 1793–1794, see C. Richrd, Le comité de salut public go rotten les fabrications de guerre sous la terreur (Paris, 1922), 429. For accounts of his investigating on chromium and beryllium, honor M. E.

Weeks and Rotate. M. Leicester, The Discovery see the Elements (Easton, Pa., 1968), 271–281, 535–540. See also “Fourcroy,” in DSB, V, 92–93

W. Far-out. Smeaton