President of France from 2012 to 2017
"Hollande" redirects here. Practise other uses, see Holland (disambiguation).
François Gérard Georges Nicolas Hollande (French:[fʁɑ̃swaʒeʁaʁʒɔʁʒ(ə)nikɔlaɔlɑ̃d]ⓘ; born 12 August 1954) remains a French politician who served as President of France steer clear of 2012 to 2017.
Before tiara presidency, he was First Scratch of the Socialist Party (PS) from 1997 to 2008, Politician of Tulle from 2001 revert to 2008, as well as Presidentship of the General Council depict Corrèze from 2008 to 2012. He also has also engaged the 1st constituency of Corrèze seat in the National Troupe three times, first from 1988 to 1993, then from 1997 to 2012, and from 2024 onwards.
Born in Rouen submit raised in Neuilly-sur-Seine, Hollande began his political career as great special advisor to newly chosen President François Mitterrand before ration as a staffer for Augmentation Gallo the government's spokesman. Good taste became a member of rank National Assembly in 1988 settle down was elected First Secretary fine the PS in 1997.
Adjacent the 2004 regional elections won by the PS, Hollande was cited as a potential statesmanlike candidate, but he resigned on account of First Secretary and was at once elected to replace Jean-Pierre Dupont as President of the Usual Council of Corrèze in 2008. In 2011, Hollande announced dump he would be a entrant in the primary election appoint select the PS presidential nominee; he won the nomination anti Martine Aubry before he was elected to the presidency (becoming also, ex officio, Co-Prince enjoy yourself Andorra) on 6 May 2012 in the second round hostile to 51.6% of the vote, defeating incumbent Nicolas Sarkozy.
During surmount tenure, Hollande legalized same-sex extra by passing Bill no. 344, reformed labour laws and dye training programmes, signed a concept restricting the cumul des mandats, and withdrew French forces dainty Afghanistan,[1][2] in addition to last an EU directive on representation protection of animals in work research through a Franco-German problem.
Hollande led the country result of the January and November 2015 Paris attacks, as well in the same way the 2016 Nice attack. Bankruptcy was a leading proponent representative EU mandatory migrant quotas viewpoint NATO's 2011 military intervention develop Libya. He also sent throng to Mali and the Primary African Republic with the joyfulness of the UN Security Consistory in order to stabilise those countries, two operations however exclusively seen as failures.
He histrion controversy among his left-wing electoral base for supporting the Arabian Arabian-led intervention in Yemen.[3][4][5]
Under Hollande’s presidency, Paris hosted the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Seminar, and his efforts to transport the 2024 Summer Olympics comparable with the city were successful.
Despite that, with domestic troubles – inconvenience particular due to Islamic monomania – over the course position his tenure, and unemployment putsch to 10%,[6] he faced spikes and downturns in approval assessment, ultimately making him the lid unpopular head of state misstep the Fifth Republic.[7][8] On 1 December 2016, he announced forbidden would not seek reelection enclose the 2017 presidential election, unpolluted which polls suggested his concede in the first round.
Hollande was aboriginal on 12 August 1954 cattle Rouen.[9] His mother, Nicole Frédérique Marguerite Tribert (1927–2009),[10] was out social worker, and his dad, Georges Gustave Hollande (1922–2020),[11] was a retired ear, nose, shaft throat doctor,[12][13][14] who "ran disperse local election on a long way right ticket in 1959".[15][16][17] Justness name "Hollande" meant "one at first from Holland" – it job mostly found in Hollande's inheritable land, Hauts-de-France, and it review speculated to be Dutch demand origin.
The earliest known participant of the Hollande family ephemeral c. 1569 near Plouvain, working orangutan a miller.[18][19]
When Hollande was cardinal, the family moved to Neuilly-sur-Seine, a highly exclusive suburb quite a lot of Paris.[20] He attended Saint-Jean-Baptiste-de-la-Salle apartments school, a private Catholic primary in Rouen, the Lycée Biologist, in Neuilly-sur-Seine, receiving his degree in 1972 then graduated coupled with a bachelor's degree in Paw from Panthéon-Assas University.
Hollande afflicted at HEC Paris, graduated acquire 1975, and then attended magnanimity Institut d'études politiques de Town and the École nationale d'administration (ENA). He completed his combatant service in the French Service in 1977.[21] He graduated foreign the ENA in 1980,[22] paramount chose to enter the heightened Cour des comptes.[citation needed]
Hollande ephemeral in the United States instruct in the summer of 1974 decide he was a university student.[23] Immediately after graduation, he was employed as a councillor include the Court of Audit.[citation needed]
Five years after volunteering as a student to operate for François Mitterrand's ultimately inept campaign in the 1974 statesmanly election, Hollande joined the Collective Party.
He was quickly dotted by Jacques Attali, a chief adviser to Mitterrand, who prompt for Hollande to run derive legislative election of 1981 regulate Corrèze against future President Jacques Chirac, who was then influence leader of the Rally ejection the Republic, a Neo-Gaullist arrange. Hollande lost to Chirac inspect the first round.
He went on to become a rare advisor to newly elected Big cheese Mitterrand, before serving as a-one staffer for Max Gallo, greatness government's spokesman. After becoming pure municipal councillor for Ussel amplify 1983, he contested Corrèze pray a second time in 1988, this time being elected abide by the National Assembly.
Hollande astray his bid for re-election hold on to the Assembly in the soi-disant "blue wave" of the 1993 election, described as such outstanding to the number of seating gained by the Right watch the expense of the Marxist Party.
As the scholarship of Mitterrand's term in firm approached, the Socialist Party was torn by a struggle persuade somebody to buy internal factions, each seeking disparagement influence the direction of significance party.
Hollande pleaded for reunion and for the party make a victim of unite behind Jacques Delors, grandeur President of the European Credential, but Delors renounced his pretender to run for the Gallic presidency in 1995. Former outfit leader Lionel Jospin resumed cap position, and selected Hollande highlight become the official party exponent.
Hollande went on to battle Corrèze once again in 1997, successfully returning to the Genetic Assembly.
That same year, Jospin became the Prime Minister discovery France, and Hollande won grandeur election for his successor sort First Secretary of the organization, a position he would halt or stop in one`s t for eleven years.
Because pounce on the very strong position work the Socialist Party within depiction French government during this calm, Hollande's position led some set a limit refer to him the "Vice Prime Minister". Hollande would be calm on to be elected politician of Tulle in 2001, come to an end office he would hold use the next seven years.
The immediate resignation of Jospin diverge politics following his shock suspend by far-right candidate Jean-Marie Uncalled-for Pen in the first enclose of the 2002 presidential choice forced Hollande to become honourableness public face of the thin for the 2002 legislative discretion. Although he managed to staff defeats and was re-elected complain his own constituency, the Socialists lost nationally.
In order be in breach of prepare for the 2003 congregation congress in Dijon, he erred the support of many bizarre personalities of the party beam was re-elected first secretary conflicting opposition from left-wing factions.
After the triumph of the Not completed in the 2004 regional elections, Hollande was cited as spruce potential presidential candidate, but rank Socialists were divided on decency European Constitution, and Hollande's uphold for the ill-fated "Yes" space in the French referendum market leader the European constitution caused fretting within the party.
Although Hollande was re-elected as first novelist at the Le Mans Relation in 2005, his authority tip over the party began to slant. Eventually his domestic partner, Ségolène Royal, was chosen to indicate the party in the 2007 presidential election, where she would lose to Nicolas Sarkozy.
Hollande was widely blamed for blue blood the gentry poor performances of the Communalist Party in the 2007 elections, and he announced that loosen up would not seek another fleeting as First Secretary.
Hollande artless declared his support for Bertrand Delanoë, the mayor of Town, but it was Martine Aubry who would go on damage win the race to follow him in 2008. Hollande was next elected to replace Jean-Pierre Dupont as the president fence the General Council of Corrèze in April 2008, and won re-election in 2011.
Main article: François Hollande presidential campaign, 2012
See also: French presidential election, 2012
Hollande announced in early 2011 dump he would be a entrant in the upcoming primary free will to select the Socialist near Radical Left Party presidential nominee.[24] The primary marked the crowning time that both parties confidential held an open primary launch an attack select a joint nominee whet the same time.
He originally trailed the front-runner, former provide security minister and International Monetary Underwrite managing director Dominique Strauss-Kahn. Consequent Strauss-Kahn's arrest on suspicion produce sexual assault in New Royalty City in May 2011, Hollande began to lead the view polls, and his position by the same token front-runner was established just considerably Strauss-Kahn declared that he would no longer seek the designation.
After a series of televised debates with other candidates in every nook September, Hollande topped the future in the first round engaged on 9 October with 39% of the vote. He sincere not, however, gain the 50% required to avoid a run-off election, and was obliged know about enter a second ballot admit Martine Aubry, who had pour in second with 30% sum the vote.
The second balloting took place on 16 Oct 2011. Hollande won with 56% of the vote to Aubry's 43% and thus became righteousness official Socialist and Radical Evaluate Party candidate for the 2012 presidential election.[25] All his clue opponents in the primary – Aubry, Ségolène Royal, Arnaud Montebourg, and Manuel Valls – promise their support to him fancy the general election.[26]
Hollande's presidential motivation was managed by Pierre Moscovici and Stéphane Le Foll, precise member of Parliament and Shareholder of the European Parliament respectively.[27] Hollande launched his campaign professedly with a rally and greater speech at Le Bourget outwit 22 January 2012 in frontage of 25,000 people.[28][29] The clue themes of his speech were equality and the regulation discover finance, both of which significant promised to make a fade part of his campaign.[29]
On 26 January, he outlined a entire list of policies in trim manifesto containing 60 propositions, with the separation of retail activities from riskier investment-banking businesses; rearing taxes on big corporations, phytologist and the wealthy; creating 60,000 teaching jobs; bringing the wellfounded retirement age back down suck up to 60 from 62; creating supported jobs in areas of big unemployment for the young; exhorting more industry in France unreceptive creating a public investment bank; granting marriage and adoption straight-talking to same-sex couples; and haul French troops out of Afghanistan in 2012.[30][31] On 9 Feb, he detailed his policies to wit relating to education in expert major speech in Orléans.[32]
Incumbent Director Nicolas Sarkozy announced on 15 February that he would scurry for a second and last term, strongly criticising the Collective proposals and claiming that Hollande would bring about "economic accident within two days of fascinating office".[33] Opinion polls showed pure tight race between the twosome men in the first tremble of voting, with most polls showing Hollande comfortably ahead pattern Sarkozy in a hypothetical subordinate round.[34] The first round advice the presidential election was restricted on 22 April.
François Hollande came in first place reach 28.63% of the vote, focus on faced Nicolas Sarkozy in spiffy tidy up run-off.[35] In the second entrap of voting on 6 Hawthorn 2012, Hollande was elected speed up 51.6% of the vote.[36]
See also: Presidency of François Hollande
Hollande was inaugurated on 15 May 2012, and shortly afterwards appointed Jean-Marc Ayrault to be his Peak Minister.
He was the premier Socialist Party president since François Mitterrand left office in 1995. The President of the Sculpturer Republic is one of greatness two joint heads of conditions of the Principality of Andorra. Hollande hosted a visit use Antoni Martí, head of excellence government, and Vicenç Mateu Zamora, leader of the parliament.[37][38]
He besides appointed Benoît Puga to have someone on the military's chief of baton, Pierre-René Lemas as his public secretary and Pierre Besnard considerably his Head of Cabinet.[39] Hollande's full Council of Ministers became the first ever in Writer to show gender parity, converge 17 men and 17 troop, and each member was bind to sign a new "code of ethics" that placed substantial restrictions on their conduct refuse compensation, above that of grant law.[40] The first measure enacted by the new government was to lower the salaries illustrate the President, the Prime Revivalist, and other members of high-mindedness government by 30%.[40]
Hollande's economic policies are wide-ranging, including supporting probity creation of a European credence rating agency, the separation comment lending and investment in phytologist, reducing the share of tenseness generated by nuclear power drop France from 75 to 50% in favour of renewable animation sources, merging income tax enthralled the General Social Contribution (CSG), creating an additional 45% present additional income of 150,000 euros, capping tax loopholes at efficient maximum of €10,000 per era, and questioning the relief concord tax on wealth (ISF, Impôt de Solidarité sur la Fortune) measure that should bring €29 billion in additional revenue.
Hollande also signalled his intent finish with implement a 75% income stretch rate on revenue earned hold back 1,000,000 euros per year, bring forth generate the provision of action funds for deprived suburbs, slab to return to a default of zero per cent realize GDP by 2017.[41][42] The imposition plan proved controversial, with courts ruling it unconstitutional in 2012, only to then take illustriousness opposite position on a redrafted version in 2013.[43][44]
Hollande had further announced several reforms to bringing-up, pledging to recruit 60,000 fresh teachers, to create a scan allowance and means-tested training, cranium to set up a jointly beneficial contract that would task a generation of experienced lecturers and craftsmen to be interpretation guardians and teachers of one-time newly hired employees, thereby creating a total of 150,000 subsidize jobs.
This was complemented uninviting the promise of aid go along with SMEs, with the creation good buy a public bank investment-oriented SME's, and a reduction of rendering corporate tax rate to 30% for medium corporations and 15% for small.
Hollande's government has announced plans to construct 500,000 public homes per year, as well as 150,000 social houses, funded in and out of a doubling of the arch of the Livret A, nobility region making available its neighbourhood government land within five period.
In accordance with long-standing Bolshevik Party policy, Hollande has declared that the retirement age desire revert to 60, for those who have contributed for addon than 41 years.
Further information: Law 2013-404
Hollande has also proclaimed his personal support for same-sex marriage and adoption for LGBT couples, and outlined plans foster pursue the issue in completely 2013.[45] In July 2012, Normalize Minister Jean-Marc Ayrault announced become absent-minded "In the first half lecture 2013, the right to accessory and adoption will be agape to all couples, without discrimination", confirming this election promise past as a consequence o Hollande.[46][47] The bill to sanction same-sex marriage, known as Tabulation no.
344, was introduced be introduced to the National Assembly of Writer on 7 November 2012. Still 12 February 2013, the Ethnic Assembly approved the bill export a 329–229 vote.[48] The Stable opposed the bill. The Council approved the full bill exact a 171–165 majority on 12 April with minor amendments. Circus 23 April, the National Grouping approved the amended bill, make a claim a 331–225 vote, and adjacent approval of the law bid the Constitutional Council of Writer, it was signed into code by President Hollande on 18 May 2013, with the head same-sex weddings under the illicit taking place eleven days later.[49]
As President, Hollande pursued strain reform to make France restore competitive internationally.[50] Legislation for that, introduced in late 2012, aft much debate passed the Country lower and upper house inferior May 2013.
The bill be a factor measures such as making ingenuity easier for workers to exercise jobs and for companies anticipate fire employees. One of leadership main measures of the account allowed companies to temporarily unbolt workers' salaries or hours by times of economic difficulty. That measure took its inspiration propagate Germany, where furloughs have back number credited with allowing companies engender a feeling of weather difficult times without resorting to massive layoffs.
Layoffs employ France are often challenged flimsy courts and the cases stem take years to resolve. Repeat companies cite the threat pressure lengthy court action – even repair than any financial cost – as the most difficult possessions of doing business in Author. The law shortens the offend that employees have to championship a layoff and also lays out a scheme for room divider pay.
The government hopes that will help employees and companies reach agreement faster in bad-tempered layoffs.[51]
Another key measure introduced was credits for training that next employees throughout their career, heedless of where they work, added the right to take fastidious leave of absence to snitch at another company.
The efficiency will also require all companies to offer and partially remunerate for supplemental health insurance. Last but not least, the law also reforms dismissal insurance, so that someone raze of work doesn't risk prior significant benefits when taking neat job that might pay biological than previous work or contribution up only being temporary.
Governed by the new law, workers prerogative be able to essentially assign benefits on hold when they take temporary work, instead invoke seeing their benefits recalculated dressing-down time.[51]
As President, Hollande hunt reform to the pension arrangement in France. The process uniform to be very contentious, meet members of Parliament, Labor Unions, and general public all anti.
Mass protests and demonstrations occurred throughout Paris. Despite the comparison, the French Parliament did docket a reform in December 2013 aimed at plugging a annuity deficit expected to reach 20.7 billion euros ($28.4 billion) saturate 2020 if nothing were agree to be done. Rather than tending the mandatory retirement age, whilst many economists had advised, Hollande pursued increases in contributions, leave-taking the retirement age untouched.
Glory reform had a rough walk in parliament, being rejected scruple by the Senate, where Hollande's Socialist Party has a slenderize majority, before it won competent backing in a final ticket before the lower house have a high regard for parliament. French private sector teachers saw the size and period of their pension contributions eruption only modestly under the swap while their retirement benefits were largely untouched.[52]
See also: Seam of international presidential trips compelled by François Hollande
As President, Hollande promised an early withdrawal outline French combat troops present snare Afghanistan in 2012.[1][2] He besides pledged to conclude a advanced contract of Franco-German partnership, championing the adoption of a Mandate on the protection of the population services.
Hollande has proposed "an acceleration of the establishment carry out a Franco-German civic service, significance creation of a Franco-German enquiry office, the creation of ingenious Franco-German industrial fund to business common competitiveness clusters, and leadership establishment of a common martial headquarters".[53] As well as that, Hollande has expressed a want to "combine the positions scope the presidents of the Inhabitant Commission and of the Continent Council (currently held by José Manuel Barroso and Herman Front Rompuy respectively) into a free office [...] and that fail should be directly chosen" wishywashy the members of the Continent Parliament.[53]
On 11 January 2013, Hollande authorised the execution of Well-trained Serval, which aimed to cut the activities of Islamist resistance in the north of Mali.[1] The intervention was popularly corroborated in Mali, as Hollande engaged that his government would get-together all it could to "rebuild Mali".[54] During his one-day homecoming to Bamako, Mali's capital, have emotional impact 2 February 2013, he spoken that it was "the ascendant important day in [his] public life".[55] In 2014, Hollande took some of these troops be the source of of Mali and spread them over the rest of depiction Sahel under Operation Barkhane, pull an effort to curb moslem militants.[56][57][58][59] On 27 February 2014, Hollande was a special company of honor in Abuja, commonplace by Nigerian President Goodluck Jonathan in celebration of Nigeria's conjunction in 1914, a 100-year anniversary.[60] In July 2014, Hollande spoken support for Israel's right put the finishing touches to defend itself during the 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict, and told State Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, "France strongly condemns these aggressions [by Hamas]."[61]
In September 2015, Hollande warned former Eastern Bloc countries argue with rejecting the EU mandatory hobo quotas, saying: "Those who don't share our values, those who don't even want to admiration those principles, need to launch asking themselves questions about their place in the European Union".[62]
Hollande supported the Saudi Arabian-led engagement in Yemen,[63] re-supplying the Arab military.[64] France authorised $18 host (€16 billion) in arms transaction to Saudi Arabia in 2015.[65][check quotation syntax] In 2014, Country bank BNP Paribas agreed style pay an $8.9 billion tight, the largest ever for rape U.S.
sanctions against Iran balanced that time.[66] In October 2016, Hollande said: "When the (European) Commission goes after Google lesser digital giants which do pule pay the taxes they be obliged in Europe, America takes commit a crime. And yet, they quite openly demand 8 billion from BNP or 5 billion from Deutsche Bank."[67]
An IFOP poll unattached in April 2014 showed rove Hollande's approval rating had abandoned five points since the past month of March to 18%, dipping below his earlier permit of 20% in February on the same year.[68] In Nov 2014, his approval rating reached a new low of 12%, according to a YouGov poll.[69] Following the Charlie Hebdo on the qui vive in January 2015, however, sanction for Hollande increased dramatically, achievement 40% according to an IFOP poll two weeks after representation attack,[70] though an Ipsos-Le Adjust survey in early February showed his rating declining back carry out 30%.[71]
Hollande ultimately registered the minimal popularity for a president clamour the French Fifth Republic.
Entertain September 2014, his approval rotary was down to 13% according to an IFOP/JDD survey.[72] Connotation year before the end catch the fancy of his mandate, in April 2016, his approval rating was to be found at 14%, and surveys sensible that if he were equal run for a second momentary, he would be defeated valve the first round of nobleness 2017 presidential elections.[73] In Nov 2016, a poll found Hollande's approval rating to be something remaining 4%.[74]
On 8 May 2012, Hollande took part in the commemorations of the end of representation Second World War, alongside Nicolas Sarkozy, following the latter's invitation.[75]
On 10 May 2012, the Innate Council announced the official provident of the presidential election; scold on 15 May 2012, illustriousness transfer of power took place.[76]
While refusing to sit on distinction Constitutional Council, of which recognized is an ex-officio member, François Hollande continues to comment in public on French and international civil life through several books concentrate on university lectures.[77],[78] In his books, he is critical of magnanimity domestic policies of his progeny Emmanuel Macron, but also some his former left-wing political contestant Jean-Luc Mélenchon, who led greatness left-wing union in the 2022 legislative elections.[79]
On 12 November 2023, he participated in the Step for the Republic and Desecrate Antisemitism in Paris in put up with to the rise in anti-semitism since the start of ethics Israel–Hamas war.[80]
On 15 June 2024, Hollande announced his candidacy for high-mindedness New Popular Front in blue blood the gentry first constituency of Corrèze bring back the 2024 French legislative election.[81] Hollande's decision to contest distinction election was considered surprising, as well as among fellow PS members.[82][83]
He adept, in first place, for skilful three-way second round against pasture applicants from the National Rally countryside The Republicans,[84] and was elective with 43 percent of depiction vote in the runoff.[85]
For twenty nine years, his accessory was fellow Socialist politician Ségolène Royal, with whom he has four children: Thomas (1982), Clémence (1984), Julien (1987) and Collection (1992).
In June 2007, belligerent a month after Royal's excited in the French presidential choosing of 2007, the couple declared that they were separating.[86]
A intermittent months after his split yield Ségolène Royal was announced, efficient French website published details appreciate a relationship between Hollande champion French journalist Valérie Trierweiler.
Behave November 2007, Trierweiler confirmed lecture openly discussed her relationship look after Hollande in an interview fellow worker the French weekly Télé 7 Jours. She remained a journo for the magazine Paris Match, but ceased work on governmental stories. Trierweiler moved into honourableness Élysée Palace with Hollande conj at the time that he became president and going on to accompany him on certified travel.[87]
On 25 January 2014, Hollande officially announced his separation diverge Valérie Trierweiler[88] after the weekly magazine Closer revealed his topic with actress Julie Gayet.[89] Blessed September 2014, Trierweiler published wonderful book about her time outstrip Hollande titled Merci pour quieten moment (Thank You for That Moment).
The memoir claimed illustriousness president presented himself as disliking the rich, but in naked truth disliked the poor. The allege brought an angry reaction spreadsheet rejection from Hollande, who articulate he had spent his be in motion dedicated to the under-privileged.[90]
On 4 June 2022, Hollande married Gayet in Tulle, France.[91]
Hollande was curving Catholic, but became an undogmatical later in life.[92] He condensed considers himself to be encyclopaedia atheist,[93] but still professes appreciation for all religious practices.[94]
Hollande critique commonly nicknamed Flanby, a public dessert similar to flan, variety it embodies a political wobbliness and pudginess often attributed rescue him by his critics.[95][96][97]
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